Tyler, Texas USA Winter, 2022  Worldwide Edition Volume 52 Number 3               

Water on the Moon! See Story on Page Nine

A Political Stew Which May Choke Us

Opinion, By Bobby D. Moore

If you are one among the many who regularly visit The Tyler Chronicle, the absence of political commentary concerning the endless strife between President Donald Trump and the American Socialist/Communist faction may seem strange. (You may have come to know it by a different name. But whatever alias is currently in use, if you look closely and with an informed mind, there is a common denominator.)

That denominator can be factored down into a single word. “Gimme”. “If you got it, we  want it!” But what they fail to understand is that the government is powerless to directly create.  In order for government to “give”, it must first “take”. And, there is a very handy device for this purpose called “taxation”.  You may choose to view it as a Robin Hood scenario in which those with means are robbed with the loot being distributed to the serfs.

But how does this scheme of “legalized theft” influence the desire to work, and build and accumulate? In other words, what does it do for private initiative? The answer is simple; initiative is reduced and ultimately destroyed.  And it is this private initiative (the freedom to make choices) which represents American freedom at its most basic level.

(more to come)

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The Tyler Chronicle            Winter, 2022         Worldwide Edition  Taveling Texas                                             Big Boy Meets Chronicle Publisher, Bobby D. Moore Marshall, Texas... From Archive, 11-11-2019    *It was a date with destiny, this meeting between Tyler Chronicle publisher, Bobby D. Moore and the legendary steam locomotive affectionately known as “Big Boy”. Moore traveled about 60 miles to keep the rendezvous, but many of the thousand or more others who kept the date drove hundreds.     A light, cold rain was blowing in from the north by the time we reached the rail siding in Marshall. Puddles of muddy water were collecting in shallow depressions beside the tracks and patrolmen were hard pressed to control the influx of traffic. Parking space was not easy to find so we walked in the rain, new shoes, video cameras and all, the final several hundred yards.     We knew exactly what camera angles we wanted for the shots, but getting them was all but impossible.  Many of the spectators had brought umbrellas which made it even more difficult. They clustered around the million plus pounds of hot, breathing iron like baby chicks around a mother hen. They wanted to be intimately close, to touch, to smell and to feel the beast.    Their attitude was that of awed respect and appreciation. Many of them seemed to understand, instinctively perhaps, the vital role that steam locomotives played in the history of our country. For it is true that the America we have known and loved was built on shining rails of steel. An unexpectedly high  percentage of them expressed concern that  many younger Americans do not understand and  share that appreciation.     The spectators varied in age from babes in arms to octagenarians in wheel chairs, young and old, rich and poor, city slickers and country bumpkins, busloads of students, to down and out hoboes. They were all there, drawn by a common thread; the lore and mystery of steam.     It is easy to understand how the operators of steam locomotives (the brave engineers) became bigger than life characters. They assumed an identity above and beyond common mortals; they became a living flesh and blood extension of the locomotive itself. (stock photo) Union Pacific's "Big Boy" steam locomotive was in Marshall, Texas on November 11, 2019 where hundreds gathered to experience this once in a lifetime opportunity. The enormous locomotive which weighs 1.2 million pounds is one of 25 built by the Alcoa Locomotive Works in New York in the 1940's and is the only remaining engine of its kind still in operation according to Union Pacific.                            (photo courtesy Union Pacific) If you were an engineer or fireman inside the cab of "Big Boy", this is part of what you would see; a bewildering maze of valves, levers gages and other controls, all necessary for the  successful operation of this enormous locomotive. The throttle (which serves the same purpose as the automobile accelerator) is on the right. Can you pick it out? ___________________________________ Remember When?                  Texas Ports; Gateways to the World!             Numerous cruise lines have ships which depart Galveston and other Texas ports on a regular basis. And if you haven't taken a trip on one of these luxury liners, you owe it to yourself to give it a try! The cost can be less than you might expect, and if you enjoy travel in comfortable surroundings, with excellent food and good company, you can't lose with a cruise. Consider food, for example. Just for fun we asked what it takes to supply a typical week-long cruise on Royal Caribbean's Freedom of the Seas, the largest ship afloat. Here's what is consumed every 7 days: 234,000 appetizers; 105,000 meals and 300,680 desserts 20,000 lbs. of beef, including 69,000 steaks 12,000 lbs. of chicken 4,000 lbs. of seafood; 2,500 lbs. of salmon and 1,400 lbs. of lobster 65,000 lbs. of fresh vegetables and 35,000 lbs. of fresh fruits 5,800 lbs. of cheese 28,000 fresh eggs 18,000 slices of pizza 8,000 gallons of ice cream 1,500 lbs. of coffee and 1,500 gallons of milk 11,500 cans of soda; 19,200 bottles and cans of beer and 2,900 bottles of wine The Ghosts of Goliad              You cannot walk the corridors of Presidio La Bahia alone. The ghosts of Fannin's dead Texans walk with you. They whisper in the night, persistently demanding that you listen to the story they have to tell. Listen closely and you will hear the clash of armor, the shouting and shooting of battle and the cries of the dying... And the Dead. Fannin's soldiers have a story that must be told. Will you listen? By 1835 American colonists in Texas had become frustrated enough with Mexican rule to fight a revolution. On October 9, 1835, Captain George Coillinsworth led a group of angry Texans in an attack on the Mexican garrison stationed at Presidio La Bahia. They successfully took the fort and about two months later the first Declaration of Texas Independence from Mexico was signed at the fort near Goliad. Goliad and the presidio are perhaps best remembered however, for what was probably the most infamous event of the Texas Revolution. In February, 1836, Colonel James Fannin of the Texas Army assumed command of the fort. But after the fall of the Alamo, Fannin and his soldiers were ordered by Sam Houston to retreat to Victoria. The evacuation of the fort began March 19, but Fannin encountered Mexican General Jose' Urrea after about nine miles of travel. Fannin and his men were outnumbered and without provisions (even water). The battle of Coleto Creek resulted in Fannin's surrender with the agreement that he and his men would be held as prisoners of war. They were marched back to the fort and held in the chapel. Although it is generally agreed that Urrea's intentions were to honor the terms of the surrender, Santa Anna ordered Fannin and his men to be executed. On Palm Sunday, March 27, the Texans were marched outside the presidio "for exercise". The story goes that Fannin paid his executioner not to shoot him in the face. When the killing was done, Santa Anna's troops dumped the bodies of 342 dead and dying Texans into bonfires that burned long into the night. The Goliad Massacre aroused sympathy and support for Texas from the United States, and "Remember Goliad" became a battle cry in the Texas War for Independence. A memorial shaft near the presidio stands over the burial site of those killed in the massacre and about 10 miles northeast, Fannin Battleground State Historical Park marks the site of the Battle of Coleto Creek. (Tyler's "Camp Fannin" was named after Colonel James Fannin.)      Go to Goliad.      You'll like it, and you may learn a little about Texas history in the process. One thing is certain, you will come away from the old Mission Espiritu Santo and the fort (La Bahia) with a deeper sense of understanding and respect for the Texans who fought and died to make Texas an independent republic. Goliad State Historical Park is a must-see. The central feature of the park is the Mission Espiritu Santo. this Spanish mission existed as an active mission for over 110 years (longer than any other in Texas).It was later used as a Protestant college, but was a shambles when the land was deeded to the state in 1932. The mission was carefully restored using authentic materials and methods by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Mission tours are $2 per person; money well spent. A map will guide you through the ruins of the original structures along the banks of the San Antonio River. Two camping areas are featured. One area caters to group campers with spacious sites and a dining hall. The other features RV hookups in addition to primitive riverside camping and picnicking. Both areas are along the meandering and steep banks of the San Antonio River and are heavily wooded. Screened shelters complete with overhead fans and lighting are available for rent. There's a nice swimming pool available too. Here's a part of what's in or near Goliad: Presidio La Bahia, the Fannin Memorial, Fannin Battleground, ruins of the Mission Rosario, the town of Goliad itself, Goliad State Historical Park and Mission Espiritu Santo.   Fannin; Texas Hero, or Incompetent Leader?      BACKGROUND--- James Walker Fannin Jr. (1804-1836)was the illigitimate son of Er Isham Fannin of Georgia. Fannin was adopted by his maternal grandfather, James W. Walker and was reared on a plantation near Marion. He entered the United States Military Academy at West Point under the name of James Walker, but withdrew after disagreements with classmates. In 1834 he moved to Texas with his wife and two daughters and settled at Velasco. There he operated a small plantation and bought and sold slaves. In 1835, Fannin became a supporter of the Texas Revolution and an active member of the volunteer army for the revolution. he was commissioned as a colonel in the regular army of Texas by Sam Houston in 1836. After an ill-fated plan to invade Matamoros, Mexico, Fannin withdrew to the Presidio La Bahia (Fort by the Bay) near Goliad. The presidio was strengthened to resist an expected attack by Mexican General Jose' Urrea. DEFECTS AS A COMMANDER--- Fannin was accustomed to the discipline of a regular army and adapted poorly to being head of a group of volunteers; he dispised the idea of electing officers and was bothered by the absence of a clearly defined chain of command in his forces. His arrogance and overriding ambition served to earn him the contempt of many of those under his command. In the final weeks before the massacre at Goliad, Fannin repeatedly requested to be relieved of his command. Today most historians concur that Fannin made many serious mistakes as a commander, ultimately resulting in his own death and that of 342 others fighting for the Texas cause at Goliad. But despite his indecisiveness, and obviously poor military judgement, he held out bravely until the end.   Fannin, Texas      As you might guess, the town located on U.S. Highway 59 about ten miles from Goliad is named for the controversial commander, James W. Fannin. The original settlement on Perdido Creek near the site of Fannin's defeat at the Battle of Coleto was established before 1852. A post office was established there in 1852 and was called Fannin's Defeat. The town's name had been changed to "Perdido" by the time the second post office opened in 1873. By that time prosperity of a sort had come to the tiny community, a general store was in operation, a combination steam gin and gristmill was built as cotton became a local crop and a school and church wee constructed. Daily stages to Goliad and Victoria served the fifty residents in 1884. Now comes the railroad. In 1889 the Gulf, Western Texas and Pacific Railway was routed a mile to the south of the settlement. The depot was called "Fannin", and the town moved to the railhead. As was often the case, the railroad brought prosperity and the town's population quickly grew. By the early 1900's more than 300 residents populated Fannin, which by now had a cotton gin, a flour mill, two saloons, a hotel, a dance hall, a jail, and a blacksmith shop... as well as two houses of ill repute. But trouble was on the way. In 1911, a feud between two locals resulted in gunplay at one of the town's saloons and a stray bullet just happened to strike a kerosene cookstove. The resulting conflagration destroyed most of the town. By 1933 the population had declined to about 100. The Fannin school closed in 1944 and the gin was torn down in the early 40's. The railhead cattle pens were removed when ranchers began shipping cattle by truck, and the hotel, which had operated continuously from 1880 to 1950 closed it's doors. In 1990 Fannin had about 90 residents if you counted stray dogs and roosters!    Fannin Battleground State Historic Site      It's a mile south of U.S. Hwy. 59 at Fannin, in eastern Goliad County and marks the location of the Battle of Coleto between Texas Colonel Fannin and Mexican General Urrea during the Texas Revolution in 1836. The battlefield was marked originally by a pile of rocks placed by William L. Hunter, one of Fannin's men who survived the battle and the resulting massacre at Goliad. In 1891 the pile of rocks was replaced by a massive iron screw from a cotton gin. In 1914, the state constructed a rock wall around the area and erected a monument. In 1965 the thirteen acre park was placed under the care of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept. The iron screw still marks the entrance to the park and small museum.      Where Are the Heroes? Where are the heroes in this story of Fannin and his men? There may not be any. does a man become a hero because he exercises poor judgement in a wartime situation which results in the murder of over 300 men? There may be heroes in war, but war itself is ugly and in general, not a heroic undertaking. The Texas War for Independence from Mexico was no exception. The Texans at Goliad were not, for the most part, professional soldiers. They were not recruits. They were a mixed bag of undisciplined volunteers whose motives probably varied widely. Their leadership, in the person of Fannin, was inadequate, as Fannin himself admitted. If Fannin had followed the orders of Texas General Sam Houston, he would not have been "slouching" away from Goliad to be overtaken by Mexican General Urrea. In fact, he would not have been at the persidio at all. The decision to establish himself at Goliad was Fannin's own. The Texas government at that time was rife with confusion and intrigue. Orders were often contradicted or ignored. The Mexican army under general Urrea, although better disciplined than Fannin's, was itself, quite a hodgepodge. The Mexican "soldiers" who actually carried out the execution of Fannin and his men were Yucatan Indians. But regardless of how heroic we may or may not consider Fannin, one cannot visit the persidio at Goliad without feeling the spirits of the men who died there. One thing is certain, a very great price was paid to secure the freedom of the Republic of Texas. We live in a sea of myths. They seem to be a necessary part of human existence. if we dispel the myths of Goliad, others will come to take their place. so, let us not be myth-busters. But let us recognize that a great price was paid for our freedom and must be continually... repaid.

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The Tyler Chronicle            Winter, 2022         Worldwide Edition

 WITHOUT DEADLY FORCE

By Karl Ries

“In a few days it’ll be Halloween again,” Alvin remarked. “Let’s see what kind of spooks will be on the loose that night.” Alvin reached for his coffee as he sat in the diner with two of his co-workers. Jesse and his close friend Harold grinned at the remark. They were all in their twenties and worked at the steel mill across the street.

“It used to be fun, when we were kids. Sometimes it was really scary and I kind’a miss that,” reminisced Jesse.

“Oh come on, guys,” protested Harold, “I don’t remember ever being scared. I always found it all so silly.”

“Silly or not,” Alvin replied, “everybody is scared of something at the right time and under the right circumstances.”

“That may be true,” conceded Harold, “but no phony Halloween prank would ever excite me.”

“Oh yeah? I say that even you would be scared out of your wits if some spook would show up at night in your bedroom.”

“Let him try,” Harold boasted, “I won’t be scared. My trusty revolver in my nightstand drawer would take care of any uninvited spook, real or otherwise.”

That gave Alvin a clever idea. “Well, I’m willing to bet a case of suds that even you can be scared. Is it a deal?”

“Why not,” grinned Harold, “you fix up the spook and I’ll enjoy the beer.”

A strange noise had aroused Harold from deep sleep. He wasn’t fully awake yet but he was listening intently. There it was again – an erie, undefinable sound seemed to come from a corner of his bedroom. It was to dark for Harold to see anything. He carefully reached for the switch of the little lamp on his nitestand, then hesitated, intently listening.

That’s when he heard it once more, this time it sounded even more erie than before. It was like an awful, wailing moan but there was also the faint clatter of heavy chains. Harold turned on the lamp, quickly getting accustomed to the mellow light. Fine beads of sweat formed on his forehead as he discovered that he was not alone. In the far corner of his room stood a hooded figure entirely wrapped in a black cloak. The face of a skull was faintly discernable within the shadows of its hood and a heavy chain hanging from its shoulder was wrapped about its thin waist. The apparition stood perfectly still. It made no sound.

Harold sat frozen in his bed staring at the intruder which still had not moved. His mind raced to comprehend the situation and thankfully grasped the idea that it was just a prank. At that moment, accompanied by the tinkle of the chain, the intruder took a step towards him. Harold had partly recovered his wits.

“Stop where you are or I’ll shoot,” Harold ordered calmly. A sneering sound emanated as the figure advanced another step. With one fluid move Harold took his revolver from his drawer, cocked it and pointed it squarely at the dark shape.

“One more step and you’re dead,” Harold threatened. When the black thing advanced again, Harold aimed and fired.

The noise of the shot was deafening. However, there was just the slightest indication of movement from the intruder as the bullet impacted, but the specter did not fall. Instead a bony, skeletal hand appeared out of the utter darkness of this spooky apparition, reaching for the spot where Harold’s bullet must have hit. It seemed to pluck something out of itself. Then, with a smooth movement, the specter tossed something at Harold. It landed on the bed cover in front of him. Harold instantly recognized it. It was the very bullet he had just fired pointblank at the apparition.

Harold’s hair stood on edge, his jaw trembled but with a steady hand he fired the second shot. The results were the same, only this time a horrible, hollow laughter accompanied the return of the bullet. Acrid powder smell hung in the air as Harold fired again and again, but after every shot, spent bullet was nonchalantly tossed back to him. Then, although Harold tried to shoot again, only an ineffective click could be heard. With the realization that his gun was empty Harold’s body went limp. He fell back onto his pillow – dead.

“I didn’t mean to harm him, Your Honor, and I certainly didn’t mean to kill him,” Alvin pleaded.

“Explain in your won words what happened,” the judge demanded at the hearing.

“Harold, Jesse and I were talking about Halloween while eating lunch the other day,” started Alvin, “when Harold insisted that he could not be scared by any means. This somehow represented a challenge to try and do just that. When Harold further announced that he kept a loaded revolver by his bed and would not hesitate to shoot at any intruder, and idea of how to really scare him presented itself. We made a bet and Harold accepted.

“I needed Jesses’ help since Harold rented a room in the same house where Jesse lived. The two were close friends and Jesse had a key to Harold’s room. Jesse obtained Harold’s loaded gun for me. I loosened the crimp on all six cartridges and carefully removed and kept the bullets from the casing. I then made certain that the powder remained in place by sealing it with a few drops of candle wax. I replaced the harmless cartridges into the gun, knowing that it would sound like a real show when fired, but that it would be completely harmless.

"I dressed up as 'Father Time' and after Harold was asleep, Jesse, using his key, let me into his room. I didn’t know if Harold would really shoot at me, but if he did, I would just toss his projectiles back at him.”

Alvin cleared his throat, but had to wait a moment until he could continue. With a choking voice Alvin added, “Harold did not appear scared. He fired and I tossed the bullets at him. When his gun was empty, he fell back on his bed. At first I thought he had just fainted, but when my attempts at reviving him failed I immediately called 911.”

 REVENGE IS MINE...Another Short Story

By Karl Ries

With reservations, Mark moved into the small apartment he had found in this foreign city. His knowledge of the subject and his fluency in the Italian language had brought the opportunity to teach at this prestigious university in Milan, Italy. Milan, with it’s magnificent Cathedral and its world renowned opera house, the La Scala. Mark was thrilled with living in Italy, a country he had always admired for its elegance, but the scarcity and the price of accommodations had forced him to accept these rather primitive lodgings. At least it was within walking distance to where he would be working, saving him from the tumultuous traffic jams that this otherwise beautiful city was famous for.

His first day at the university had been exciting and rewarding. The faculty had made him welcome and the students cheerfully accepted him. Any lingering doubts about moving to a place so far from home dissolved rapidly.

Mark was on his way to his little flat when a traffic light stopped him and seemingly hundreds of other pedestrians at a busy intersection. Up to then, he hadn’t even noticed the many people all around him. He had been too absorbed with the way his first day at the university had gone. Just then, he thought he had felt a slight bump from behind. As he turned around, the light changed and the masses of pedestrians started moving, pushing him along with them across the intersection.

With no further delay Mark arrived at his new address and swiftly climbed the stairs to his apartment on the fourth floor. In changing for dinner, he quickly became aware that his wallet was missing. The slight bump he had felt, waiting for the traffic light, came to mind immediately. Luckily, he had not carried much money. However, the loss of his credit cards and identification papers caused him much inconvenience and unexpected hassles to say the least.

From now on, Mark carried his papers and his money in a small, unobtrusive pouch which he hung on a string around his neck. Just for the heck of it, he also filled another cheap wallet with insignificant papers and very little change. This he carried as usual in his back pocket. The very next day on his way home, however, this was lifted at the very same intersection.

With Mark’s suspicions confirmed, he wasted no time and started and action of his own. With the help of an acquaintance well versed with chemicals, and with information readily available from the Internet, Mark constructed a very small letter bomb. Small enough to fit into a normal wallet. Its effect would be very localized but, more importantly, very deadly. Next, Mark bought an assortment of cheep wallets from a nearby dime store. To build a small detonator with an effective range of only about a hundred yards was no problem at all for Mark.

With this fake wallet in his pocket and the detonator in his shirt pocket, Mark was ready and very willing to teach an unknown thief a healthy lesson. One evening, as if nothing at all had happened, Mark waited at the same intersection for the light to change and – you guessed it – for the slight bump. He didn’t have to wait long for either. He followed the crowd across and when he felt safe, he reached for his shirt pocket and activated the detonator.

When Mark heard the sound of a muffled explosion somewhere in the distance, not near as noisy as he had expected, he forced himself not to look, but to walk on as if nothing had happened. The next day, somewhere on page four of the local paper, one could read a small article headlined: “Notorious Pickpocket Succumbs to Mysterious Explosion”.

Several more such mysterious explosions could be heard at early evening hours. When he no longer felt the by now familiar bump of his disappearing wallet, Mark found new routes to his flat, frequenting several different busy intersections. Sure enough – there it was again: the familiar bump and then the familiar muffled explosion somewhere in the distance.

By now, alarm had sounded in the underworld of Milan. It wasn’t the Mafia, it was just a band of loosely organized pickpockets that, gotten worried, clamored for action. And action they got. Antonio, considered the master of pickpockets, had a plan. Spies were put into action. It didn’t take long until one of the spies observed what was happening and who was responsible.

Again Mark felt the familiar bump of his disappearing wallet. What he didn’t feel, however, was a much less noticeable touch as his wallet was reinserted into his other pocket. The next day, somewhere on page four of the local paper, one could read a small article headlined: “Foreign University Professor Succumbs to Mysterious Explosion”.  

 

"Mom What Is Peace" by Karl Ries  (A Book Review)

    Prologue from the book...

As a young child in Germany, I lived through World War II and it's aftermath. This book tells of my varid childhood experiences. Imagine how terrible an ordeal it must have been for the German civilian population and for the small child who wrote about it decades later. I strove to portray my impressions in an honest, informal, upbeat and positive way with no desire to bore my readers with negative characterizations or whining self-pity.

Most Americans view Germany of that time as the villain not the victim. The unique element of this book is that it starts out in the style of a little nine year old boy. As the boy grows older and matures, the 'elan of telling his story matures right along with him. Some friends felt that, because of the war, I must have been deprived of a "happy childhood", but this is not so. I percieve that term as relative. I certainly thought of myself as a happy child. A youngster growing up amongst war, bombs, sufferings and death cannot possibly comprehend times of normality, peace and plenty and is therefore unable to draw comparisons. I believe a child's capabilikty to feel happy and make the best of things rests as much on the circumstances of his surroundings as on the individual personality of the child. Unfortunately this often changes as the child "matures". It is also lamentable that such a hostile environment tends to harden a child's perception of the suffering of others and even of the value of a human life. This book was not intended to be a historical reference but rather a narrative of my personal experiences.

The stated opinions, observations and emotions of the different characters are related justs they were encountered first hand at that time and location.

------ Karl Ries.

Karl Ries

Karl Ries was a prolific writer, an avid hunter,  an accomplished pilot and a skilled technician but above all, he was an honorable man. He was a regular feature writer for The Tyler Chronicle and gave us "on the scene" accounts of his many exciting journeys, most notable of which was a trip around the world. He died of cancer in -------, but his writings remain.

"Mom What Is Peace" was a self-published paperback of 221 pages. In all respects it was a top quality book. It is currently out of print and is a much sought after collector's item. It is a "must have" for every serious collector.

--- Editor

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Did It Fly, or Did They Lie?      

Fully one year before Orville and Wilber Wright took flight at Kitty Hawk in 1903, a Texan had already taken to the skies. At least that's what proponents of the Ezekiel Airship story would have us believe. And who is to say they are wrong?      

The Reverend Burrell Cannon, a Pittsburg, Texas minister, who was a lifelong Bible student with particular interest in the biblical account of Ezekiel and his vision of the "flying wheels". But in addition to being a Bible scholar, the reverend was a skilled machinist and an inventor, as you shall soon see.

The story of Ezekiel's wheels fascinated Cannon to the point of obsession, and for twenty years he refined plans and designs for a flying machine based upon the biblical description.

"The appearance of the wheels and their work was like unto the color of beryl; and they four had one likeness; and their appearance was as it were a wheel within the middle of a wheel." Ezekiel 1:16"And when the living creatures went, the wheels went with them; and when the living creatures were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up." Ezekiel 1:19.

The Reverend Cannon took this account literally and by 1902 he had constructed a full sized craft ready for a test flight

The device was launched from a nearby pasture owned by a man named Thorsell (who also owned the machine shop where the airship was built) and was flown by a "Mr. Stamps" who had worked on the construction of the machine. Those present at the intial flight reported that the airship moved forward a short distance before becoming airborne. It then rose vertically and began to drift. Excessive vibration caused the engine to be turned off and the machine settled back to the ground without accident.

If this account is true, then the Ezekiel Airship, which seems to have been a cross between a helicopter, hover-craft, and airplane did indeed beat the Wrights into the air! But now the story begins to turn muddy.

The contraption was loaded onto an open rail car to be shipped to the World's Fair Exhibition at St. Louis. But near Texarkana, a storm blew it off the car, totally destroying this one and only working model of what may have been the world's first flying machine.

Cannon is reported to have said,"God never willed that this airship should fly; I want no more to do with it." 

But if this is the case, something seems to have changed the inventor's mind, because in 1908, he again sold stock in his airship venture in the Longview area. A second "Ezekiel Flying Machine was built in Chicago, Illinois and was flown by a test pilot named "Wilder". 

But alas! Tragedy struck again. This time the thing is said to have hit a telegraph pole, ripping the bottom out of it. Again Cannon vowed never to build another flying machine. 

He then turned his attention to perfecting a "boll-weevil destroyer" where he lived in Marshall, Texas until his death at age 74 or thereabouts. 

You can take this story for what it's worth, but you can see the model of the Ezekiel Airship on display at Pittsburg, Texas, and you can drive by the old Thorsell Machine Shop where the original was constructed. 

Did it fly? Or did they lie? 

You be the judge!

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Who says size doesn't make a difference? Tyler Chronicle Reader Ads are the biggest in the world! Not some skimpy little two inch wide thing;  the ad you place here goes all the way across the page and to readers around the world! Three whole lines! That's enough space to write a book!  See what I mean? We're still going! Place your Tyler Chronicle Reader Ad today. Get a three line ad as big as Texas for a whole month for only ten dollars!

BMCN GOSPEL RADIO IS ON THE AIR! BMCN GOSPEL, the seventh internet radio station to be added to the Bobby Moore Communications Network went on the air for the first time Sunday, September 29, 2019.  Like the other BMCN stations, coverage is worldwide. The station is not affiliated with any specific denomination and is dedicated to fully exercising the constitutional right to freedom of religion. For more information visit www.bmcndirectory.com or go to https://bmcntyler.wixsite.com/mysite-3

MOORE ART GALLERY  Features fine art paintings and sculpture. To see the latest additions to our growing  collection, go to https://bmcntyler.wixsite.com/mysite-2 .  Add Moore's fine art to your collection. Commission your painting directly from the gallery website.

BOBBY MOORE SINGS  Another website dedicated to the recordings and personal appearances of this Elvis  "soundalike". Visit https://bmcntyler.wixsite.com/mysite

BATHOUSES  Reduce mosquitoes and other insect pests. Installed, $50 contribution to Mary Alma Moore Association (MAMA).  Order today by email. editor@thetylerchronicle.com  HOMES FOR HOMELESS BIRDS  You can provide a home for homeless birds with a contribution to MAMA.

                                                                     "Where'd they go? Where'd they go?                                                                      

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WANTED

To respond to any of the listings below phone   903-707-6258  or email    editor@thetylerchronicle.com    Be sure to give item number.

(1) Gasoline powered electric welder. Age unimportant; must be priced right.

(2) Free Goat to help clear brush; will pick up.

(3) Complete Drum Set; all or part.

(4) Large Peavy Speakers, 200 w or more.

(5) 8N or 9N Ford Tractor.

(6) Wanted: Old Computers & Printers, dead or alive. Free pickup.

(7) American made pickup truck. ('82 or older) Running or not.

(8) $1,000.00 reward for information leading to arrest & conviction of person or persons responsible for theft of  trucks, machinery and other property taken from the charcoal plant on CR 2121, Tyler. All information will be appreciated and held in strictest confidence. 

(9) Cupola grade cast iron scrap, sized and clean. 

(10) Canaries; young singers and hens.

(11) Ornamental bird cage.

(12) Your old aquarium tank, any size.

(13) Used propane tank.

(14) DC electric motors, all sizes.

(15) Used books of all kinds for MAMA Memorial Library.

Tyler Chronicle Science Magazine

           

  Researchers have detected water molecules in Clavius crater, in the moon's southern hemisphere. The large crater is visible from Earth.                                                            

 NASA/Screenshot by NPR                   

NASA has confirmed the presence of water on the moon's sunlit surface, a breakthrough that suggests the chemical compound that is vital to life on Earth could be distributed across more parts of the lunar surface than the ice that has previously been found in dark and cold areas.   

"We don't know yet if we can use it as a resource," NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said, but he added that learning more about the water is crucial to U.S. plans to explore the moon.

The discovery comes from the space agency's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, or SOFIA — a modified Boeing 747 that can take its large telescope high into Earth's atmosphere, at altitudes up to 45,000 feet. Those heights allow researchers to peer at objects in space with hardly any visual disruptions from water vapor.   

The water molecules are in Clavius crater, a large crater in the moon's southern hemisphere. To detect the molecules, SOFIA used a special infrared camera that can discern between water's specific wavelength of 6.1 microns and that of its close chemical relative hydroxyl, or OH. 

"Data from this location reveal water in concentrations of 100 to 412 parts per million — roughly equivalent to a 12-ounce bottle of water — trapped in a cubic meter of soil spread across the lunar surface," NASA said in a release about the discovery. 

"This is not puddles of water but instead water molecules that are so spread apart that they do not form ice or liquid water," said Casey Honniball, the lead author of a study about the discovery.                      

The data confirm what experts have suspected, that water might exist on the moon's sunny side. But in recent years, researchers had been able to document only water ice at the moon's poles and other darker and colder areas.   

Experts will now try to figure out exactly how the water came to form and why it persists. NASA scientists published their findings in the latest issue of Nature Astronomy.  

"Without a thick atmosphere, water on the sunlit lunar surface should just be lost to space," said Honniball. "Yet somehow we're seeing it. Something is generating the water, and something must be trapping it there."   

There are several possible explanations for the water's presence, including the possibility that it was delivered to the surface by micrometeorites impacting the moon. Glass beads from that process could trap water, but the SOFIA instruments cannot distinguish between water held inside impact glasses and water trapped between grains and in voids, according to the researchers' paper.

(Article from NPR, 10-27-20)  

NPR's Geoff Brumfiel contributed to this report    

___________________________________

Science Fiction Fantasy Becomes Reality as Manned Spaceflight to Mars Is Seriously Contemplated

Rocketship X-M (a.k.a. Expedition Moon and originally Rocketship Expedition Moon) is a 1950 American black-and-white science fiction film from Lippert Pictures, the first outer space adventure of the post-World War II era. The film was produced and directed by Kurt Neumann and stars Lloyd Bridges, Osa Massen, John Emery, Noah Beery, Jr., Hugh O'Brian, and Morris Ankrum.

Rocketship X-M tells the story of a Moon expedition that, through a series of unforeseen events, winds up traveling instead to distant Mars. Once on the Red Planet, its crew discovers the remnants of a Martian civilization destroyed long ago by atomic war and now reverted to barbarism.^[1]

Plot

Four men and a woman blast into outer space from the White Sands Proving Ground aboard the RX-M (Rocketship Expedition-Moon) on humanity's first expedition to Luna. Halfway there, after surviving their jettisoned and runaway first stage and a meteoroid storm, their engines suddenly quit. Recalculating fuel ratios and swapping around their multiple, different fuels finally corrects the problem. When the engines are reignited, the RX-M careens out of control on a rapid heading beyond the Moon. The increased acceleration lowers their cabin oxygen pressure, and the crew pass out. Reviving days later, they quickly discover that they have traveled some 50,000,000 miles; the RX-M is now just 50,000 miles away from Mars. Dr. Karl Eckstrom (John Emery) is forced to "pause and observe respectfully while something infinitely greater assumes control".

The RX-M safely passes through the Martian atmosphere and lands. The next morning the crew, clad in aviation oxygen masks due to the low atmospheric pressure, begin exploring the desolate surface. They come across physical evidence of a now dead advanced Martian civilization: a partially buried-in-the-sand, stylized, Art Deco (or Tiki culture) like metal face sculpture and in the distance Moderne architecture-like ruins. Their Geiger counter registers dangerous radiation levels, keeping them well away; from those dangerous levels, it is clear that there was once an atomic war on Mars in the distant past.

Finding cave refuge, the crew notice in the distance the primitive human descendants of that civilization emerging from behind boulders and creeping toward them. Amazed, Dr. Eckstrom comments "From Atomic Age to Stone Age". Soon after leaving, two of the explorers encounter a dark-haired woman who has lost her footing and rolled down a hill toward them; she is blind, with thick, milky cataracts on both eyes. She screams upon hearing their oxygen mask-distorted voices. The radiation burned tribesmen attack, throwing large rocks and stone axes. Armed with only a revolver and a bolt-action rifle, the explorers defend themselves, purposely missing the primitives. Dr. Eckstrom is killed by a stone axe; navigator Chamberlain (Hugh O'Brian) is badly injured by a large thrown rock. The survivors finally make their way back to the ship.

As the RX-M nears Earth, the survivors calculate that they have no fuel to make a landing. Col. Graham contacts their base and reports their dire status to Dr. Fleming (Morris Ankrum), who listens intently and wordlessly over headphones. Col. Graham's report is not heard, but Fleming's subtle reactions tells of the crew's odyssey, their discovery of a once advanced civilization destroyed long ago by atomic war, and of the crew fatalities at the hands of Martian descendants reverted to barbarism.

Col. Graham and Dr. Van Horn embrace as the RX-M begins its uncontrolled descent, consoling one another in the moments left to them. Through a porthole, they bravely watch their rapid descent into the wilds of Nova Scotia. The press is later informed by a shaken Dr. Fleming that the entire crew has perished. When they ask if the mission was a failure, he confidently responds with conviction, stating that all theories about manned spaceflight and exploration have now been proven. He continues, underscoring the point that a dire warning has been received from the crew that could very well mean the salvation of humanity, "A new spaceship, the RX-M-2, begins construction tomorrow". The pioneering exploration continues. 

___________________________________

Mars 2020 Mission Overview

(SOURCE: NASA) The Mars 2020 rover mission is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, a long-term effort of robotic exploration of the Red Planet. The Mars 2020 mission addresses high-priority science goals for Mars exploration, including key questions about the potential for life on Mars. The mission takes the next step by not only seeking signs of habitable conditions on Mars in the ancient past, but also searching for signs of past microbial life itself. The Mars 2020 rover introduces a drill that can collect core samples of the most promising rocks and soils and set them aside in a "cache" on the surface of Mars. A future mission could potentially return these samples  to Earth.  That would help scientists study the samples in laboratories with special room-sized equipment that would be too large to take to Mars. The mission also provides opportunities to gather knowledge and demonstrate technologies that address the challenges of future human expeditions to Mars. These include testing a method for producing oxygen from the Martian atmosphere, identifying other resources (such as subsurface water), improving landing techniques, and characterizing weather, dust, and other potential environmental conditions that could affect future astronauts living and working on Mars.

The mission is timed for a launch opportunity in July 2020 when Earth and Mars are in good positions relative to each other for landing on Mars. That is, it takes less power to travel to Mars at this time, compared to other times when Earth and Mars are in different positions in their orbits. To keep mission costs and risks as low as possible, the Mars 2020 design is based on NASA's successful Mars Science Laboratory mission architecture, including its Curiosity rover and proven landing system.

Mars 2020 Mission: Some of Its Goals

 Goal 1: Determine whether life ever existed on Mars

The mission of the Mars 2020 rover focuses on surface-based studies of the Martian environment, seeking preserved signs of biosignatures in rock samples that formed in ancient Martian environments with conditions that might have been favorable to microbial life.

It is the first rover mission designed to seek signs of past microbial life. Earlier rovers first focused on and confirmed that Mars once had habitable conditions.

Goal 2: Characterize the Climate of Mars

Past Martian climate conditions are a focus of the Mars 2020 rover mission. The rover's instruments are looking for evidence of ancient habitable environments where microbial life could have existed in the past.

Scientists will determine if environmental conditions at the Mars 2020 landing site on Mars were ever capable of supporting microbial life. The landing site that is eventually chosen might include layers of rock where water once flowed or stood, as portrayed in this artist's concept. (above)  Layers of rock in craters and mountains, as shown in this artist's concept, contain a record of the geologic past on Mars

Goal 3: Characterize the Geology of Mars

The Mars 2020 rover is designed to study the rock record to reveal more about the geologic processes that created and modified the Martian crust and surface through time. Each layer of rock on the Martian surface contains a record of the environment in which it was formed. The rover seeks evidence of rocks that formed in water and that preserve evidence of organics, the chemical building blocks of life.
[more on Goal 3 for the entire Mars Exploration Program]

The challenge of future human exploration of Mars drives the development of new capabilities that would support astronauts traveling to and from, and surviving on the Red Planet.

Goal 4: Prepare for Human Exploration

The Mars 2020 rover is demonstrating key technologies for using natural resources in the Martian environment for life support and fuel. It is also monitoring environmental conditions so mission planners understand better how to protect future human explorers.

This science goal relates to national space policy for sending humans to Mars in the 2030s. Similar to the history of the exploration of Earth's moon, robotic missions to Mars provide a crucial understanding of the environment and test innovative technologies for future human exploration.

Investments in Mars 2020 technologies include contributions from NASA's Human Exploration and Operations (HEO) Mission Directorate and Space Technology Program (STP) as part of NASA's long-term efforts to develop future capabilities for human space exploration.

.... Albert Einstein said.... "Everything that is really great and inspirational is created by the individual who can labor in freedom."   ___________________________________

___________________________________

British Physicist Voices Doubts Concerning Musk's Mars Plans

  Andrew Coates               

      Professor of Physics, Deputy Director (Solar System) at the Mullard Space Science Laboratory, UCL    

Space X and Tesla founder Elon Musk has a vision for colonising Mars, based on a big rocket, nuclear explosions and an infrastructure to transport millions of people there. This was seen as highly ambitious but technically challenging in several ways. Planetary protection rules and the difficulties of terraforming (making the planet hospitable by, for example, warming it up) and dealing with the harsh radiation were quoted as severe obstacles.

Undeterred, Musk took a first step towards his aim in February this year with the launch of a Tesla roadster car into an orbit travelling beyond Mars on the first Falcon Heavy rocket. This dramatically illustrated the increasing launch capability for future missions made available by partnerships between commercial and government agencies. 

But six months later, the plans have started to look more like fantasy. We have since learned that there could be life beneath Mars’ surface and that it may be impossible to terraform its surface.

The possibility that there currently could be life on the red planet was raised last week as scientists reported the discovery of a salt water lake beneath Mars’ surface. The lake would be 1.5km below the south polar cap and at least 20km in diameter. This was found from analysis of subsurface radar data from the Mars Express spacecraft. The water is thought to be briny, with the likely magnesium, calcium, and sodium perchlorate salts acting as an antifreeze down to temperatures of perhaps 200K (-73.15°C).

                        

This is exciting as it is the first definitive detection of liquid water on Mars, and it is possible that there may be further deep lakes elsewhere on the planet. This means there is a real possibility of current life on Mars.

We already knew life could have existed on Mars in the past. There are several pieces of evidence indicating that Mars was habitable 3.8-4 billion years ago. Data from recent missions – including Mars Global Surveyor, Odyssey, Opportunity, Curiosity and Mars Express – have provided mounting evidence that water was present on the surface in streams and lakes with reasonable acidity and that the right chemistry for life to evolve existed there around the time that life was evolving on Earth. 

But Mars lost its magnetic field, which would have protected life from harsh radiation from space, 3.8 billion years ago. This also meant its atmosphere started leaking into space, making it increasingly inhospitable. So living organisms may not have survived.

But while the new discovery may fuel aspiring colonisers’ dreams that the water in the subsurface lake might be usable to sustain a human presence, the reality is very different.

The risk of contamination means we shouldn’t send humans there until we know for sure whether there is naturally evolved life – something that could take years to decades. We will need to drill under the surface and to analyse samples, either in-situ or from material returned to Earth, and find suitable biomarkers to be sure.

Terraforming plans crushed?

Perhaps even more damning, the long-suggested idea of terraforming Mars is now firmly locked in the realm of science fiction. Musk has previously indicated that he wants to terraform the planet to make it more Earth-like, so you can “eventually walk around outside without anything on.” This would most easily be done by producing an atmosphere made of heat-trapping greenhouse gases locked in the planet’s ice in order to raise its temperature and pressure. Musk has suggested that we could drop thermonuclear bombs  on the ice at its poles in order to heat it up to release the carbon dioxide.

But according to a new study, published in Nature Astronomy, Mars has lost so much of its potential greenhouse gases to space over billions of years that there is now no possibility of transforming the remaining atmosphere into a breathable one with available technology. 

                        

The study is based on measurements of the recent escape rate of gases to space measured over the last 15 years by Mars Express and the last four years by MAVEN. This can tell us how much effective greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and water are available at Mars. The measurements, combined with knowledge of the inventories of carbon dioxide and water on Mars from recent space missions, show that greenhouses gases locked in the ice caps are not enough to provide the necessary heating.

More may be available deep within the planet but extracting that is well beyond today’s technology. Also, the atmosphere is still being lost due to the lack of a magnetic field, so that would need to be somehow slowed to maintain any changes achieved by terraforming. This means that potential explorers would need to use heavy, airtight walls, roofs or buildings to provide the right atmosphere and the required screening from cosmic radiation.

While Musk may be disappointed by these new results, most Mars scientists are breathing a sigh of relief. There may be present or past life on Mars, and we can now focus on finding it.

We will be searching for signs of life with the ESA-Russian ExoMars 2020 rover, and the NASA Mars 2020 mission will gather samples for eventual return to Earthbound laboratories by around 2030. The results of all this may tell us if there was, is or could be life elsewhere. In our solar system, the best targets are Mars, Saturn’s moon Enceladus and Titan, and Jupiter’s moons Europa. And these just hint of the potential for life on the many planets beyond our own solar system.

Mars is bright in our skies this week, the brightest since 2003. The red planet is never far from our thoughts, whether as a potential cradle for life beyond Earth or as a target for humans in the future. We live in exciting times when it comes to space exploration. So let’s not spoil one of the largest and most fundamental experiments for humankind by letting dreams of colonisation go too far – at least until we know whether there is life.

EDITOR'S NOTE

MR. COATES; WHAT DIFFERENCE DOES IT MAKE IF LIFE IS PRESENT OR NOT?  Such a concern for life didn't deter your ancestors from colonizing the "new world" and subjugating it's indigenous population. 

The Tyler Chronicle   Winter, 2022

The Chronicle's Continuing Search for 911 Facts

Timeline of Major 911 Events as Recorded in Wikipedia

AA11 flight path from Boston to New York City

UA175 flight path from Boston to New York City

AA77 flight path from Washington to Pentagon

UA93 flight path on from Newark to Somerset County, Pennsylvania

7:59 a.m.: American Airlines Flight 11, a Boeing 767 carrying 81 passengers and 11 crew members, departs 14 minutes late from Logan International Airport in Boston, bound for Los Angeles International Airport. Five hijackers are aboard.

8:14: United Airlines Flight 175, a Boeing 767, carrying 56 passengers and 9 crew members, departs 14 minutes late from Logan International Airport in Boston, bound for Los Angeles International Airport. Five hijackers are aboard.

8:14: Flight 11 is hijacked over central Massachusetts, turning first northwest, then south.

8:20: American Airlines Flight 77, a Boeing 757 with 58 passengers and 6 crew members, departs 10 minutes late from Washington Dulles International Airport, for Los Angeles International Airport. Five hijackers are aboard.

8:42: United Airlines Flight 93, a Boeing 757 with 37 passengers and 7 crew members, departs 42 minutes late from Newark International Airport, bound for San Francisco International Airport. Four hijackers are aboard.

8:42–8:46 (approx.): Flight 175 is hijacked above northwest New Jersey, about 60 miles northwest of New York City, continuing southwest briefly before turning back to the northeast.

8:46:40: Flight 11 crashes into the north face of the North Tower (1 WTC) of the World Trade Center, between floors 93 and 99. The aircraft enters the tower intact.

8:50–8:54 (approx.): Flight 77 is hijacked above southern Ohio, turning to the southeast.

9:02:57: Flight 175 crashes into the south face of the South Tower (2 WTC) of the World Trade Center, between floors 77 and 85. Parts of the plane, including the starboard engine, leave the building from its east and north sides, falling to the ground six blocks away.

9:28: Flight 93 is hijacked above northern Ohio, turning to the southeast.

9:37:46: Flight 77 crashes into the western side of The Pentagon and starts a violent fire.

9:45: United States airspace is shut down.

9:59:00: The South Tower of the World Trade Center collapses, 56 minutes after the impact of Flight 175.

10:03:11: Flight 93 is crashed by its hijackers as a result of fighting in the cockpit 80 miles (129 km) southeast of Pittsburgh in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. Later reports indicate that passengers had learned about the World Trade Center and Pentagon crashes and were resisting the hijackers. The 9/11 Commission believed that Flight 93's target was either the United States Capitol building or the White House in Washington, D.C.

10:28:22: The North Tower of the World Trade Center collapses, 1 hour and 42 minutes after the impact of Flight 11. The Marriott Hotel, located at the base of the two towers, is also destroyed.

10:50:19: Five stories of part of the Pentagon collapse due to the fire.

5:20:33 p.m.: 7 World Trade Center, a 47-story building, collapses.

Detailed timeline of events

6:00 a.m.

6:00: Mohamed Atta and Abdulaziz al-Omari travel on Colgan Air Flight 5930 from Portland International Jetport in Portland, Maine to Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts.^[1]

6:45: Atta and al-Omari arrive at Logan International Airport.^[1]

6:52: Marwan al-Shehhi calls Atta from another terminal at Logan to confirm that the plans for the attack are set.^[1]

7:00 a.m.

7:35: Atta and al-Omari board American Airlines Flight 11.^[2]

7:40: The rest of the Flight 11 hijackers board the airplane.

7:45: Flight 11 is pushed back from Gate B32 at Logan International Airport.

7:50: Hani Hanjour and his four fellow hijackers board American Airlines Flight 77.

7:58: United Airlines Flight 175 is pushed back from Gate C19 at Logan International Airport.

7:59: Flight 11, a Boeing 767 carrying 81 passengers and 11 crew members, departs 14 minutes late from Logan International Airport in Boston, its destination being Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) in Los Angeles, California.^[3]

8:00 a.m.

8:01: United Airlines Flight 93 is pushed back from Gate A17 at Newark International Airport (now Newark Liberty International Airport).

8:09: Flight 77 is pushed back from Gate D26 at Dulles International Airport.

8:13: Flight 11 has its last routine communication with the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) Boston Center.^[4]

8:14: Flight 11 is hijacked when hijackers Waleed and Wail al-Shehri rise from seats 2A and 2B and stab two flight attendants. Atta rises from seat 8D and approaches the cockpit. Within minutes, he is at the controls.

8:14: Flight 175, another fully fueled Boeing 767, carrying 56 passengers and nine crew members, also departs from Logan International Airport in Boston; its destination was also Los Angeles International Airport. Five hijackers are aboard. One of them, most likely al-Shehhi, communicated with Mohammed Atta shortly before American Airlines Flight 11's takeoff.^[4]

8:19: Betty Ong, a flight attendant on Flight 11 alerts American Airlines via an airphone: "The cockpit is not answering, somebody's stabbed in business class—and I think there's Mace—that we can't breathe—I don't know, I think we're getting hijacked." She then tells of the stabbings of two flight attendants.^[4]

8:20: The FAA's Boston Center flight controllers decide that Flight 11 has probably been hijacked.

8:20: Flight 77, a Boeing 757 with 58 passengers and six crew members, departs from Washington Dulles International Airport, for Los Angeles International Airport. Five hijackers are aboard.

8:21: Flight 11's transponder signal is turned off, but can still be tracked via primary radar by Boston Center. (Prior to the 9/11 Commission's report, news organizations reported this time as 8:13 or immediately thereafter.)

8:24: A radio transmission comes from Flight 11: "Eh..... We have some planes. Just stay quiet, and you'll be okay. We are returning to the airport." It is believed Atta mistakenly held a button directing his voice to radio rather than to the plane's cabin as he intended. A few seconds later, Atta's voice says, "Nobody move. Everything will be okay. If you try to make any moves, you'll endanger yourself and the airplane. Just stay quiet." Air traffic controllers hear the transmission.

8:25: Boston Center flight controllers alert other flight control centers regarding Flight 11. The North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) is not yet alerted.

8:26:30: Flight 11 makes a 100-degree turn to the south, following the Hudson River toward New York City.^[5]

8:29:24: Boston Center alerts Cleveland Center and New York Center regarding Flight 11. The flight's position is estimated to be fifteen miles (24 km) southwest of Albany.^[6]

8:33: Flight 175 reaches its assigned cruising altitude of 31,000 feet.

8:33:59: A third transmission from Flight 11: "Nobody move please. We are going back to the airport. Don't try to make any stupid moves."

8:34: Dan Bueno from Boston Center notifies the tower controller at Otis Air National Guard Base at Cape Cod of the hijacking of Flight 11. The controller directs Bueno to contact Northeast Air Defense Sector (NEADS), the northeast sector of NORAD.^[7] The controller then notifies Otis Operations Center that a call from NEADS might be coming.^[8] Two F-15 pilots begin to suit up.^[9]

8:37: Flight 175 confirms sighting of hijacked Flight 11 to flight controllers, 10 miles (16 km) to its south.

8:37:30: Flight 11 begins a rapid descent at 3,200 feet per minute, starting from an altitude of 29,000 feet. This descent continues until the moment of impact with the North Tower. Half a minute later, having descended one thousand feet, the flight makes a slight southward turn.^[10]

8:37:52: Boston Center control notifies NEADS of the hijacking of Flight 11, the first notification received by NORAD that Flight 11 had been hijacked. The controller requests military help to intercept the jetliner.

 

Cockpit view of the World Trade Center towers from the Hudson River, showing the approximate flight path of American Airlines Flight 11

8:41: The FAA's New York Center requests information about Flight 11 over the radio. Flight 175 responds: "ah we heard a suspicious transmission on our departure out of Boston ah with someone ah, ah sound like someone sound like someone keyed the mike and said ah 'everyone ah stay in your seats'".^[11] New York Center acknowledges and says it will pass the information on.

8:42: Flight 93, a Boeing 757, takes off with 37 passengers and seven crew members from Newark International Airport, bound for San Francisco International Airport, following a 40-minute delay due to congested runways. Four hijackers are aboard. Its flight path initially takes it close to the World Trade Center, which is 4 minutes away from being struck, before moving away westwards.

8:42–8:46 (approx.): Flight 175 is hijacked.

8:43:30: While descending at 10,000 feet, Flight 11 makes a final turn, turning south-southwestward towards New York City, aiming for the World Trade Center.^[12]

8:44: Flight attendant Amy Sweeney, aboard Flight 11, reports by telephone to Michael Woodward at the American Airlines Flight Services Office in Dallas, "Something is wrong. We are in a rapid descent. We are all over the place." A minute later, Woodward asks her to "describe what she sees out the window". She responds, "I see the water. I see the buildings. I see buildings." After a short pause, she reports, "We are flying low. We are flying very, very low. We are flying way too low." Seconds later she says, "Oh my God, we are way too low." The call ends with a burst of very loud, sustained static.

8:46: Two F-15 fighter jets are ordered to scramble from Otis Air National Guard Base in Massachusetts, intended to intercept Flight 11. Because Flight 11's transponder is off, the pilots do not know the location of their target. NEADS spends the next several minutes watching their radar screens in anticipation of Flight 11 returning a radar contact.

 

Seconds after American Airlines Flight 11 impacted North Tower

8:46:40:^[13] Flight 11 crashes at roughly 466 mph (790 km/h or 219 m/s or 425 knots) into the north face of the North Tower (1 WTC) of the World Trade Center, between floors 93 and 99. The aircraft enters the tower intact. It plows to the building's core, severing all three gypsum-encased stairwells, dragging combustibles with it. A powerful shock wave travels down to the ground and up again. The combustibles and the remnants of the aircraft are ignited by the burning fuel. People below the severed stairwells start to evacuate, but no one above the impact zone is able to do so.

BBC correspondent Stephen Evans was sitting in the foyer of the South Tower and described hearing a "huge bang like somebody dropped a skip full of rubbish" followed by "two or three similar huge explosions". The South Tower shook.^[14] French filmmakers Jules and Gedeon Naudet and Czech immigrant Pavel Hlava videotape the crash of Flight 11 with their video cameras from different locations. A camera belonging to local New York television station WNYW records the sound, but not the image, of the crash.

8:46: Another flight in the area, US Airways flight 583, reports to New York Center that it received a brief emergency locator transmitter signal on 121.5 MHz.

8:46:43: Chief of the New York City Fire Department's 1st Battalion, Joseph Pfeifer, makes the first fire department radio message advising the FDNY Manhattan Fire Dispatch Office of the crash. Chief Pfeifer and personnel from other fire companies were several blocks north, on the corner of Church Street and Lispenard Street investigating an odor of gas in the street, and witnessed the attack, along with Jules Naudet, who was accompanying the firefighters at the time:

Battalion 1 Chief (Chief Pfeifer): Battalion 1 to Manhattan.

Manhattan Dispatch: Battalion 1, 'kay.

Battalion 1 Chief (Chief Pfeifer): We just had a plane crash into the upper floor of the World Trade Center. Transmit a 2nd Alarm and start re-located companies into the area.

Manhattan Dispatch: 10-4 [message received], Battalion 1.

8:47:39: Boston Center and New York Center contact other flight controllers in the area, stating that they have lost Flight 11. Roughly a minute later, New York Center passes on information supplied by Kennedy Tower about a fire at the World Trade Center.^[15]

New York Center: Kennedy Tower reports...you serious? Kennedy Tower reports that there was a fire at the World Trade Center. And that's, ah, that's the area where we lost the airplane.

8:48–10:28: Some 100-200 people, primarily in the North Tower, trapped by fire and smoke in the upper floors, jump from the towers.^{[citation needed]} One person at street level, firefighter Daniel Suhr, is hit by a jumper and dies.^[16] No form of airborne evacuation is attempted as smoke is too dense for a successful landing on the roof of either tower.

8:48:08: WNYW breaks into a Paramount Pictures movie trailer for Zoolander to make the first broadcast report of an incident at the World Trade Center, less than two minutes after Flight 11's crash.  One of the station's camera crews, already having been out on the street that morning for New York's mayoral primary election, takes the first live pictures of black smoke coming from the North Tower.^[17] As these pictures are broadcast, the voice of reporter Dick Oliver is heard as he reports from the scene to anchor Jim Ryan, who was not in the studio at the time:

Jim, just a few moments ago, something believed to be a plane crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center.  I just saw flames inside, you can see the smoke coming out of the tower; we have no idea what it was.  It was a tremendous boom just a few moments ago.  You can hear around me emergency vehicles heading towards the scene.  Now this could have been an aircraft or it could have been something internal.  It appears to be something coming from the outside, due to the nature of the opening on about the 100th floor of the South Tower of the World Trade Center.

Three minutes later, Jim Ryan corrected the location of the first plane crash from the South Tower to the North Tower.

8:48:29: The first radio report of the incident is heard on WCBS-AM through traffic reporter Tom Kaminski. WCBS' traffic reports are delivered every ten minutes "on the 8s", meaning that Kaminski's traffic report was to come within two minutes of the initial impact of Flight 11 (although there is no record of how much time actually passed). At the time Kaminski was in "Chopper 880", WCBS' helicopter that he reports from for morning and evening rush hour traffic reports. The following consists of WCBS anchor Pat Carroll crossing to Kaminski in the chopper before he files his report.

Pat Carroll: WCBS news time, 8:48, it's traffic and weather together sponsored by Henry Miller's Theatre. Tom Kaminski, Chopper 880. Tom Kaminski: Alright uh, Pat, we are just currently getting a look. at the World Trade Center, We have something that has happened here at the World Trade Center. We noticed flame and an awful lot of smoke from one of the towers of the World Trade Center. We are just coming up on this scene, this is easily three-quarters of the way up. we are. this is. whatever has occurred has just occurred, uh, within minutes and, uh, we are trying to determine exactly what that is. But currently we have a lot of smoke at the top of the towers of the World Trade Center, we will keep you posted.

8:49: The first report of an incident at the World Trade Center crosses the Associated Press newswire.

 

CNN breaking the news of a plane crash at the World Trade Center

8:49:34: The first network television and radio reports of an explosion or incident at the World Trade Center. CNN breaks into a Ditech commercial at 8:49. The CNN screen subtitle first reads "WORLD TRADE CENTER DISASTER". Carol Lin, the first TV network anchor to break the news of the attacks, says:^[18]

This just in. You are looking at obviously a very disturbing live shot there. That is the World Trade Center, and we have unconfirmed reports this morning that a plane has crashed into one of the towers of the World Trade Center. CNN Center right now is just beginning to work on this story, obviously calling our sources and trying to figure out exactly what happened, but clearly something relatively devastating happening this morning there on the south end of the island of Manhattan. That is, once again, a picture of one of the towers of the World Trade Center.

Just a minute later, Sean Murtagh, CNN vice president of finance, in an on-air phone call, says from his office in the CNN New York bureau that a large passenger commercial jet was seen to hit the World Trade Center. Murtagh is the first network employee on the air. The first email bulletins of breaking news from CNN and MSNBC report "fire at tower of World Trade Center". Both CNN and MSNBC's websites receive such heavy traffic that many servers collapse. BBC News' website is active and shows a picture of the North Tower on fire. Minutes later, email news bulletins revise the reports of fire to a plane crash.

8:50: NEADS is notified that a plane has struck the World Trade Center as they continue to try to locate the flight on radar.

8:50: WCBS-TV in New York breaks away from the CBS network to cover the attack.

8:50: CNBC interrupts an episode of Squawk Box hosted by Mark Haines with a report of the unfolding attack.^[19]

8:50: Local New York cable television channel NY1 begins its coverage of the incident.

8:50–8:54 (approx.): Flight 77 is hijacked.

8:51: Local New York television station WNBC breaks away from the NBC network to begin its coverage of the attack.

8:51: Matt Lauer, co-host of NBC News' Today, interrupts an interview with author Richard Hack and says to the audience, "We wanna go live right now, and show you a picture of the World Trade Center...we have a breaking story right now..." However, NBC did not immediately have the picture ready and went to a regularly scheduled commercial break. They return with a shot of the burning tower.^{[citation needed]}

8:51: A flight controller at the FAA's New York Center notices that Flight 175 had changed its transponder code twice four minutes earlier; he tries to contact the flight.  Another flight in the area, Delta Airlines flight 1489, reports the sight of smoke coming from lower Manhattan to New York Center.  This is the first word any pilots in flight receive of the incident.

8:51: New York City's Amateur Radio Emergency Service net is activated, with ham operators in the area assisting with emergency communications.^[20]

8:51: ABC was airing Good Morning America at the time of the attack. After returning from a commercial break, WABC-TV in New York breaks away from the ABC network to carry its own local coverage of the disaster, while on the network, GMA host Diane Sawyer makes this statement:

We want to tell you what we know, as we know it, but we just got a report in that there's been some sort of explosion at the World Trade Center in New York City. One report said, and we can't confirm any of this, that a plane may have hit one of the two towers of the World Trade Center, but again, you are seeing the live pictures here.  We have no further details than that.  We don't know anything about what they have concluded happened there this morning.  But we're going to find out, and of course, make sure that everybody knows on the air.^[21]

8:51:34: WINS-AM interrupts its 8:51 traffic report and anchor James Faherty relays word of the crash of Flight 11 to the listening audience, with the station having been notified by one of its employees who lives near the site.

8:52: Lee Hanson receives a phone call from his son, Peter, a passenger on United 175, who says: "I think they've taken over the cockpit—an attendant has been stabbed—and someone else up front may have been killed. The plane is making strange moves. Call United Airlines—tell them it's Flight 175, Boston to LA." Also on board Flight 175, a flight attendant calls a United Airlines office in Chicago, reporting that the flight had been hijacked, both pilots had been killed, a flight attendant had been stabbed, and the hijackers were probably flying the plane.^[22]

8:52: The F-15s at Otis Air National Guard Base are airborne. Still lacking an intercept vector to Flight 11 (and not aware that it has already crashed), they are sent to military controlled airspace off Long Island and ordered to remain in a holding pattern until between 9:09 and 9:13.

8:52: Anchor Chris Jansing makes the first announcement on MSNBC of a plane crash into the World Trade Center.

8:52: CBS interrupts The Early Show to report the news of the attack. Bryant Gumbel makes the announcement that a plane has crashed into the World Trade Center.

8:52: CBC Newsworld anchor Mark Kelley makes the first Canadian television report of the first plane crash.

8:52: Sky News host Kay Burley breaks the news of the first plane crash to the UK.

8:54: Flight 77 deviates from its assigned course, turning south over Ohio.

8:55: Fox News comes back from a commercial break to report the attack. E. D. Hill informs viewers that a plane crashed into the North Tower.

8:55 (approx.): An announcement is made over the building-wide PA system by officials in the still-undamaged South Tower of the World Trade Center, "The building is secure, please return to your desks."^[23] This announcement is reacted to in numerous ways, ranging from people going back to their offices as suggested, ignoring it and evacuating anyway, or congregating in common areas such as the 78th floor sky lobby.

8:55: President George W. Bush arrives at Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, Florida, as part of a scheduled visit to promote education and is reading The Pet Goat when White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card, who is with Bush, informs him that a small twin-engine plane has crashed into the World Trade Center. Before entering the classroom, the President speaks to National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, who is at the White House. She first tells him it was a twin-engine aircraft—and then a commercial aircraft—that had struck the World Trade Center, adding "that's all we know right now, Mr. President."^[24]

8:56: Ten minutes after the North Tower of the World Trade Center was hit by Flight 11, the transponder on Flight 77 is turned off and even primary radar contact with the aircraft is lost. During radar blackout Flight 77 turns east, unnoticed by flight controllers. When primary radar information is restored at 9:05, controllers searching for Flight 77 to the west of its previous position are unable to find it.^[25] Flight 77 travels undetected for 36 minutes on a course heading due east toward Washington, D.C.

8:58: Flight 175 takes a heading toward New York City.

8:59: Flight 175 passenger Brian Sweeney leaves a message via airphone to his wife Julie:

Jules, this is Brian listen, I'm on an airplane that's been hijacked. If things don't go well, and it's not looking good, I just want you to know I absolutely love you, I want you to do good, go have good times, same to my parents and everybody, and I just totally love you, and I'll see you when you get there. Bye, babe. I hope I call you.

9:00 a.m.

 

The World Trade Center's South Tower burns at 9:03 a.m., moments after being struck by United Airlines Flight 175.

9:00: Lee Hanson receives a second call from his son Peter, aboard Flight 175:

"It's getting bad, Dad. A stewardess was stabbed. They seem to have knives and Mace. They said they have a bomb. It's getting very bad on the plane. Passengers are throwing up and getting sick. The plane is making jerky movements. I don't think the pilot is flying the plane. I think we are going down. I think they intend to go to Chicago or someplace and fly into a building. Don't worry, Dad. If it happens, it'll be very fast. My God, my God." The call ends abruptly, as Lee Hanson hears a woman scream.^[22]

9:01–9:02: A manager from the FAA's New York Center tells the Air Traffic Control System Command Center in Herndon, Virginia:

New York Center: We have several situations going on here. It's escalating big, big time. We need to get the military involved with us. ATCSCC: We're, we're involved with something else, we have other aircraft that may have a similar situation going on here.

9:01: FAA's New York Center contacts New York terminal approach control and asks for help in locating Flight 175.

9:01: Local New York television station WPIX-TV begins reporting on the attack.^[26]

9:02: Evacuation of both World Trade Center towers is ordered by FDNY Battalion Chief Joseph Pfeifer, who was stationed in the lobby of the North Tower. Although it is uncertain whether the South Tower's deputy fire safety director receives this order, an announcement is made over the tower's PA system to "begin an orderly evacuation if conditions warranted".^[27]

9:02:57: Flight 175 crashes at about 590 mph (950 km/h, 264 m/s or 513 knots) into the south face of the South Tower (2 WTC) of the World Trade Center, between floors 77 and 85.^[28][29] All 65 people on board the aircraft die instantly on impact, and unknown hundreds in the building as well. By this time, several media organizations, including the three major broadcast networks (who have interrupted their morning shows), are covering the first plane crash—millions see the impact live. Parts of the plane, including the starboard engine, leave the building from its east and north sides, falling to the ground six blocks away. New York's WNYW is among the first to specifically report that a second plane has crashed into the complex (many other news agencies do not realize that a second plane has crashed until several minutes later):^[30][31][32]

Jim Ryan: Oh, my goodness. There's another one. Oh, my goodness. There's another one! 

Lyn Brown: This seems to be on purpose.

Jim Ryan: Oh, my goodness. Now you...

Kai Simonsen (WNYW helicopter reporter): Was that a plane?

Jim Ryan: Now it's obvious. I think that there's a second plane just crashed into the World Trade Center. I think we have a terrorist act of proportions that we cannot begin to imagine at this juncture.

Kai Simonsen: Oh, my God.

Jim Ryan: My goodness, a second plane now has crashed into the other tower of the World Trade Center. Obviously, suicide terrorist attack on the World Trade Center. What we have, what we have been fearing, what we have been fearing for the longest time here apparently has come to pass. A disastrous terrorist attack on the World Trade Center. Both towers, planes smashing into each one.

A massive evacuation begins in the South Tower below its impact zone. One of the stairwells in the South Tower remains unblocked from the top to the bottom of the tower because of the plane hitting at an offset from the vertical center line of the building, but it is filled with smoke. This leads many people to mistakenly go upwards towards the roof for a rooftop rescue that never comes. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey kept the two sets of heavy metal doors leading to the building's only roof exit tightly locked.^[33] The impact severs communication with several television and radio broadcast towers at the WTC; local station WPIX's satellite feed freezes on an image of the second impact which is all the station broadcasts until alternate transmitters are set up hours later.

Because of the North Tower's obstruction of the South Tower from certain camera angles, some are originally unaware that a second plane has struck the South Tower, and instead mistakenly believe that the second explosion has occurred in the North Tower. As instant replays of the second plane crash are shown, the anchors on the three major broadcast networks speculate on whether they are witnessing a terrorist attack or some sort of very rare accident. CNN changes its headline to read "Second plane crashes into World Trade Center." On the local station WABC-TV (which CNN was simulcasting at that moment), anchor Steve Bartelstein first assumes that the explosion seen was caused when the fuselage of the first plane exploded.

 

The Twin Towers burning from the impact of flights 11 and 175.

9:03: President Bush enters a classroom as part of his school visit.

9:03: FAA's New York Center notifies NORAD (NEADS) of the hijacking of Flight 175, at the same time it crashes.

9:04: Fox News Channel anchor Jon Scott mentions Osama bin Laden as a possible suspect.

9:04 (approximately): The FAA's Boston Air Route Traffic Control Center stops all departures from airports in its jurisdiction (New England and eastern New York State).

9:05: After brief introductions to the Booker elementary students, President Bush is about to begin reading The Pet Goat with the students when Chief of Staff Andrew Card interrupts to whisper to the president, "A second plane has hit the second tower. America is under attack."^[34] The president stated later that he decided to continue the lesson rather than alarm the students.

9:06: The FAA bans takeoffs of all flights bound to or through the airspace of New York Center from airports in that Center and the three adjacent Centers—Boston, Cleveland, and Washington. This is referred to as a First Tier groundstop and covers the Northeast from North Carolina north and as far west as eastern Michigan.

9:08: The FAA bans all takeoffs nationwide for flights going to or through New York Center airspace. ABC News reports later that the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the agency that runs the New York-area airports, asked the FAA for permission to close down the New York Center airspace.

 

President George W. Bush on the morning of September 11, 2001, at Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, Florida

9:11: The last PATH train leaves the World Trade Center. The station was vacant when the towers collapsed.

9:11: ABC News anchor Peter Jennings begins reporting on the disaster.

9:13: The F-15 fighters from Otis Air National Guard Base leave military airspace near Long Island, bound for Manhattan.

9:14: President Bush returns to a holding room commandeered by the U.S. Secret Service shortly before 9:15. The holding room contains a telephone, a television showing the news coverage, and several senior staff members. The president speaks to Vice President Dick Cheney, Condoleezza Rice, New York Governor George Pataki, and FBI Director Robert Mueller, and prepares brief remarks.^[35]

9:15: NBC News reports unconfirmed statements from employees at United Airlines that an American Airlines aircraft had been hijacked prior to its destruction.

9:17: The FAA closes down all New York City-area airports.^[36] The city had initially asked the FAA to close down the airports.

9:17:02: CBS News correspondent Jim Stewart in Washington mentions that in the intelligence community, Osama bin Laden is a probable suspect.

9:18: CNN makes reference to foul play for the first time, stating the FBI was investigating a report of plane hijacking. CNN changes headline to read "AP: Plane was hijacked before crashes".

9:19: United Airlines flight dispatcher Ed Ballinger begins sending warning text messages to his flights: "Beware any cockpit intrusion—Two a/c [aircraft] hit World Trade Center." Because he was sending this warning to his 16 transcontinental flights, this takes several minutes.^[37]

9:21: All bridges and tunnels into Manhattan closed.^[36]

9:21: Transport Canada, Canada's transportation agency, activates its Situation Centre (SitCen) in Ottawa.^[38]

9:23: Ballinger's warning message is sent to Flight 93, and is received in the cockpit a minute later.^[37]

9:24: The FAA notifies NORAD's Northeast Air Defense Sector about the suspected hijacking of Flight 77. The FAA and NORAD establish an open line to discuss Flight 77, and shortly thereafter Flight 93.

9:25: The Otis-based F-15s establish an air patrol over Manhattan.

9:25: A video teleconference begins to be set up in the White House Situation Room, led by Richard A. Clarke, a special assistant to the president, that eventually includes the CIA, the FBI, the departments of State, Justice, and Defense, and the FAA.

9:25: The Associated Press informs CNN that the two plane crashes in the World Trade Center appeared to be an "act of terrorism".

9:26: The FAA bans takeoffs of all civilian aircraft regardless of destination—a national groundstop.

9:26: White House counterterrorism chief Richard Clarke indicates he gave the instruction to raise the worldwide force protection condition for U.S military bases at around this time.  This is likely the earliest instance this actual order was issued.  There is alternate evidence the threat condition increase took place sometime over the next hour. See link [1]

9:26: Flight 93's pilot, Jason Dahl, replies to Ballinger's text message, "Ed, confirm latest mesg plz--Jason".^[37]

9:26: NBC News correspondent Andrea Mitchell reports to MSNBC anchor Lester Holt that a top U.S. government official informed her that one of the two planes that hit the Twin Towers was an American Airlines 767 from Boston to Los Angeles that was hijacked.

9:28: Hijackers storm the cockpit on Flight 93 and take over the flight. The entry of the hijackers is overheard by flight controllers at Cleveland.

Play media

  

President Bush addresses parents and teachers at Booker Elementary School on the day's attacks.

9:29: President Bush makes his first public statements about the attacks, in front of an audience of about 200 teachers and students at the elementary school. He states that he will be going back to Washington. "Today, we've had a national tragedy," he starts. "Two airplanes. have crashed. into the World Trade Center. in an apparent terrorist attack on our country," and leads a moment of silence. No one in the President's traveling party has any information during this time that other aircraft were hijacked or missing.^[39]

9:32: A radio transmission from Flight 93 is overheard by flight controllers at Cleveland: "Ladies and gentlemen here. is the captain please sit down. Keep remaining [sic] sitting. We have a bomb on board. So sit."

9:32: Controllers at the Dulles Terminal Radar Approach Control in Virginia observe "a primary radar target tracking eastbound at a high rate of speed", referring to Flight 77.

9:33–9:34: A tower supervisor at Reagan National Airport tells Secret Service operations center at the White House that "an aircraft is coming at you and not talking with us," referring to Flight 77. The White House is about to be evacuated when the tower reports that Flight 77 has turned and is approaching Reagan National Airport.

9:34: The FAA's Command Center relays information concerning Flight 93 to FAA headquarters.

9:35: The President's motorcade departs from the elementary school, bound for Sarasota–Bradenton International Airport and Air Force One.

9:35: Flight 93 reverses direction over northeast Ohio and starts flying eastwards.

9:35: Based on a report that Flight 77 had turned again and was circling back toward the District of Columbia, the Secret Service orders the immediate evacuation of the Vice President from the White House.

9:36: Cleveland advises the FAA Command Center that it is still tracking Flight 93 and inquires whether someone had requested the military to launch fighter aircraft to intercept the aircraft.

9:37: Vice President Cheney enters a tunnel leading to a security bunker.

 

A Lincoln Town Car taxicab was hit by a lightpole as American Airlines Flight 77 passed over Washington Boulevard and crashed into the Pentagon.^[40]

9:37:46: Flight 77 crashes into the western side of the Pentagon at 530 mph (853 km/h, 237 m/s, or 460 knots) and starts a violent fire. The section of the Pentagon hit consists mainly of newly renovated, unoccupied offices. All 64 people on board are killed, as are 125 Pentagon personnel.

9:39: Another radio transmission is heard from Ziad Jarrah aboard Flight 93: "Uh, this is the captain. I would like you all to remain seated. We have a bomb on board and are going back to the airport, and to have our demands, so please remain quiet."

9:39: Fox News Channel correspondent David Asman reports, "We -- we are hearing -- right now that another explosion that -- has taken place. At the Pentagon."^[41]

9:39: NBC News Pentagon correspondent Jim Miklaszewski reports that "it felt, just a few moments ago, like there was an explosion of some kind here at the Pentagon." NBC and MSNBC relay reports of the explosion but do not relay word of the crash of Flight 77 as they do not know the cause.

9:40: Video teleconference in White House Situation Room begins with the physical security of the President, the White House, and federal agencies. They are not yet aware of the Pentagon crash.

9:40:49: CNN's Breaking News bulletin reads "Reports of fire at Pentagon."

9:41: Local Washington, DC television station WUSA breaks away from the CBS network to carry local coverage of the explosion at The Pentagon.

9:41:15: The photo The Falling Man is taken.

9:42: Senior FAA traffic manager Ben Sliney issues the execution order for SCATANA grounding all air traffic over the United States and diverting any incoming international traffic to alternate destinations.

9:43: Abu Dhabi TV reports it received a call from the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, claiming responsibility for the World Trade Center attack, but this is soon denied by a senior officer of the group.^[42]

9:43: The White House and the Capitol are evacuated and closed.

9:45: United States airspace is shut down. No civilian aircraft are allowed to take off, and all aircraft in flight are ordered to land at the nearest airport as soon as possible. Nearly all international flights headed for the U.S. are redirected to Canada, while some flights from South America were diverted to Mexico. Transport Canada orders a complete closedown of Canadian airspace, but the Mexican airspace did not shut down. The FAA announces that civilian flights are suspended until at least noon September 12, while Transport Canada gives similar orders; the FAA further ordered that diverted U.S.-bound international flights should be taken in, launching the agency's "Operation Yellow Ribbon". The groundings would eventually last until September 14. Military and medical flights as well as Con Air flights continue. This is the fourth time all commercial flights in the U.S. have been stopped, and the first time a suspension was unplanned. All previous suspensions were military-related (Sky Shield I-III), from 1960 to 1962. Many newspapers (including The New York Times) mistakenly print that this is the first time flights have been suspended. This was also the first time commercial flights in Canada have been stopped. 

Further information: Operation Yellow Ribbon

9:45: CNN receives initial reports that, in addition to a fire at the Pentagon, there is also a fire at the National Mall. These reports on the National Mall, however, are later proven to be false.

9:49: The FAA Command Center at Herndon suggests that someone at FAA headquarters should decide whether to request military assistance with Flight 93. Ultimately, the FAA makes no request before it crashes.

9:50 (approximately): The Associated Press reports that Flight 11 was apparently hijacked after departure from Boston's Logan Airport. Within an hour this is confirmed for both Flight 11 and Flight 175.

9:51: FDNY Battalion Chief Orio Palmer of the FDNY's 7th Battalion reaches the 78th Floor Sky Lobby of the South Tower along with Fire Marshal Ronald Bucca. Palmer reports that there are two pockets of fire and numerous dead bodies.^[43]

9:52: The National Security Agency intercepts a phone call between a known associate of Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan and someone in the Republic of Georgia, announcing that he had heard "good news", and that another target was still to be hit.^[44]

9:53: CNN confirms a plane crash at the Pentagon.

9:55: A CNN correspondent mentions Osama bin Laden as someone determined to strike the US.

9:55: Air Force One leaves Sarasota-Bradenton International Airport.

9:57: Passenger revolt begins on Flight 93.

9:57: President Bush leaves Sarasota, Florida, on Air Force One. The plane reaches cruising altitude and circles for approximately 40 minutes while the destination of the plane is discussed.

9:59:00:^[13] The South Tower of the World Trade Center collapses, 56 minutes after the impact of Flight 175. Its destruction is viewed and heard by a vast television and radio audience. As the roar of the collapse goes silent, tremendous gray-white clouds of pulverized concrete and gypsum rush through the streets. Most observers think a new explosion or impact has produced smoke and debris that now obscures the South Tower, but once the wind clears the smoke, it becomes clear that the building is no longer there. NY1 correspondent Kristen Shaughnessy, on the scene of the disaster, reports on the collapse of the South Tower at the instant it begins.^[45]

Further information: Collapse of the World Trade Center

9:59: As the South Tower collapses, Father Mychal Judge, OFM, chaplain to the FDNY, is struck by falling debris on the lobby level of the North Tower. He dies of blunt force trauma to the head.^[46] He is found by Chief Pfeifer, Jules, and others from the North Tower Command Post who fled when they heard the South Tower collapse and took refuge in the nearby escalator as the debris cloud engulfed them.^[47] As Judge's body is the first recovered and certified by the medical examiner's office, he will be designated "Victim 0001" of the September 11 attacks.

10:00 a.m.

10:00: FDNY Battalion Chief Joseph Pfeifer (inside of the still standing North Tower) orders all FDNY personnel to evacuate, via radio.

Battalion 1 Chief (Chief Pfeifer): Command post, Tower 1, all units. Evacuate the building. Command post, to all units.^[48]

Due to many communication limitations, numerous firefighters within the tower do not receive this transmission. Some personnel who do not hear the order only leave the building after being told by other firefighters that an evacuation order has been given. Others never receive the order at all.^[49]

10:01: The FAA Command Center advises FAA headquarters that an aircraft had seen Flight 93 "waving his wings," the hijackers' efforts to defeat the passengers' counterattack.

10:02: Communicators with the Vice President in the security bunker begin receiving reports from the Secret Service of an inbound aircraft—presumably hijacked—heading toward Washington. This is Flight 93.

10:02: CNN announces that the Sears Tower in Chicago has been evacuated.

10:03 (approximately): The National Military Command Center learns from the White House of Flight 93's hijacking.

10:03:11: Flight 93 crashes at 583 mph (926 km/h, 272 m/s, or 509 knots), due to fighting in the cockpit, 80 miles (129 km) southeast of Pittsburgh in Somerset County, Pennsylvania.^[50] Later reports indicate that passengers had learned about the World Trade Center and Pentagon crashes on cell phones and at least three were planning on resisting the hijackers; the resistance was confirmed by Flight 93's cockpit voice recording, on which the hijackers are heard making their decision to down the plane before the passengers succeed in breaching the cockpit door. The 9/11 Commission believed that Flight 93's target was either the United States Capitol building or the White House in Washington, D.C.^[51]

10:05: Andrea Mitchell, reporting on NBC from outside the Pentagon, reports that Osama bin Laden may have been involved in the attacks.

10:05: CNN's headlines read: "SOUTH TOWER AT WTC COLLAPSES."

10:05: The IDS Center in Minneapolis is evacuated.

10:07: NBC reports for the first time that the South Tower of the World Trade Center has collapsed. Prior to this time they have said only that a section of the building has fallen away.

10:07: NEADS, controlling the only set of fighters over Washington, first learns of the hijacking of Flight 93, 4 minutes after it actually crashed.

10:08: Air Traffic Control System Command Center in Herndon reports to FAA headquarters that Flight 93 may be down near Johnstown, Pennsylvania; at 10:17 the Command Center concludes it is so.

10:10: National Military Command Center directs Threat Condition Delta for U.S. military bases worldwide.[2]

10:10: Part of the west side of the Pentagon collapses.

10:10: NEADS emphatically tells fighter pilots over Washington, "Negative clearance to shoot."

10:10–10:15 (approximately): Vice President Cheney, unaware that Flight 93 has crashed, authorizes fighter aircraft to engage the inbound plane, reported to be 80 miles (129 km) from Washington, based not on radar (from which it has disappeared) but speed and trajectory projections.

10:13: Thousands are involved in an evacuation of the United Nations complex in New York.

10:13–10:22: The 9/11 Commission's estimated arrival of Flight 93 over Washington had it not crashed in Pennsylvania.^[52]

10:14–10:19: A lieutenant colonel at the White House repeatedly relays to the NMCC that the Vice President has confirmed that fighters are cleared to engage inbound aircraft if they can verify that the aircraft was hijacked.

10:15: CNN's headline reads, "EXPLOSION ON CAPITOL HILL."

10:18: NBC reports that Yasser Arafat, Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), has denied complicity in the attacks and is appalled by them.

10:20: President Bush, aboard Air Force One, tells Vice President Cheney that he has authorized a shootdown of aircraft if necessary.^[53]

10:23: The Associated Press reports a car bomb has exploded outside the State Department in Washington, D.C. This and several other reports of terrorist acts in the capital are quickly found to be false.^[54]

10:24: Two men who were being evacuated through the underground shopping mall below the South Tower when it collapsed on them are able to climb up through thirty feet of debris to safety. 1010 WINS in New York City reports an explosion at the U.S. Supreme Court building. This is later revealed to be erroneous.^[55]

10:28:22:^[13] The North Tower of the World Trade Center collapses. Due to the destruction of the gypsum-encased stairwells on the impact floors (most skyscraper stairwells are encased in reinforced concrete), no one who was above the impact zone in the North Tower escapes the collapse. The Marriott Hotel, located at the base of the two towers, is also destroyed. The second collapse is also viewed live on television and heard on radio. The North Tower collapses 1 hour, 42 minutes after the impact of Flight 11—the building had burned during the whole duration of the attacks. 7 World Trade Center burns after the collapse of the North Tower. New York City's 1010 WINS reports the collapse live as it happens, broadcasting a live phone call with WINS news director Ben Mevorach, who witnessed the collapse from the Manhattan Bridge.^[55] On NBC News, Katie Couric says: "The other tower of the World Trade Center has just collapsed."

Several long-distance videos of the collapse, such as CNN, were able to notice that, after the cloud of dust had partially cleared away, a portion of the building was still standing. It appeared to be the lower half of the northwest corner column of the North Tower, which, like a spire, grew larger and had more structure still standing near the bottom. The portion rose to a fairly good height considering the collapse around it, as it appeared to rise nearly forty stories off the ground. This piece remained standing for a few seconds after the initial collapse before it also came down.

10:31: NORAD first communicates the Vice President's shootdown authority to NEADS.

10:35: Air Force One, carrying the President, turns for Barksdale Air Force Base in Bossier City, Louisiana.

10:37: Associated Press reports that officials at the Somerset County airport confirm that a large plane has crashed in western Pennsylvania. CNN's Aaron Brown passes along reports that a 747 is "down" in Pennsylvania. He stresses these reports are unconfirmed. He also, in the confusion, reports another plane heading for the Pentagon. The Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, is evacuated and closed. New York City's 1010 WINS relays a report that the U.S. State Department headquarters in Washington, D.C. has been attacked by a car bomb. This is later reported to be false.^[55]

10:39: Another hijacked jumbo jet is claimed to be headed for Washington, D.C. F-15s are scrambled and patrol the airspace above Washington, D.C. while other fighter jets sweep the airspace above New York City. They have orders, first issued by Vice President Cheney and later confirmed by President Bush, to shoot down any potentially dangerous planes that do not comply with orders given to them via radio. Eventually, the aircraft is revealed to be a medevac helicopter on its way to the Pentagon.

10:41: NBC News confirms that a plane has "gone down" in Somerset County. The earlier unconfirmed statements about an incident at the State Department in Washington, D.C. are reported as false.

10:43: CNN reports that a mass evacuation of Washington, D.C., and New York has been started. A few minutes later, New York mayor Rudy Giuliani orders an evacuation of Lower Manhattan.

10:49: Fox News Channel is the first of the United States news networks to implement a news ticker at the bottom of its screen for supplementary information about the attacks. CNN adds one at 11:11, and MSNBC adds one at approximately 2:00 pm. All three cable networks have used a news ticker continuously in the years since (and many local television stations have followed suit).

10:50:19: Five stories of part of the Pentagon collapse due to the fire.

10:53: New York's primary elections are canceled.

10:53: Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld orders the U.S. military placed at DEFCON 3, for the first time since the Yom Kippur War in 1973.

11:00 a.m.

11:00: Transport Canada halts all aircraft departures until further notice, except for police, military, and humanitarian flights, as part of Operation Yellow Ribbon. The operation was well underway as international flights headed for the U.S. had already started to land at Canadian airports, beginning at CFB Goose Bay. Fourteen other airports follow, including Halifax, Lester B. Pearson in Toronto, Montréal-Dorval, and Vancouver.

11:05: The FAA confirms that several planes have been hijacked in addition to American Airlines Flight 11.

11:08: The pilot of Korean Air Flight 85 includes the letters "HJK" a code for hijacked, in an airline text message.^[56]

11:16: American Airlines confirms the loss of its two aircraft.

11:26: United Airlines confirms the loss of Flight 93 and states that it is "deeply concerned" about Flight 175.^[57]

11:53: United Airlines confirms the loss of its two aircraft.

11:55: The border between the U.S. and Mexico is on highest alert, but is not closed.

12:00 p.m.

12:00: ARINC officials notify NORAD about the use of the hijack code on Flight 85.

12:01: (approximately): Fourteen people, including twelve firefighters, who were in a section of a stairwell in the North Tower that held together during the collapse, climb the stairs to the top of the Ground Zero rubble field.

12:04: Los Angeles International Airport, the intended destination of Flights 11, 77 and 175, is shut down.

12:15: San Francisco International Airport, the intended destination of Flight 93, is shut down.

12:15 (approximately): The airspace over the 48 contiguous United States is clear of all commercial and private flights.

12:30 (approximately): Secretary of State Colin Powell boards a plane in Lima, Peru, for Washington, D.C.

12:39: On CNN, Senator John McCain (R-AZ) characterizes the attack as an "act of war."

12:41: Senator Orrin Hatch (R-UT) tells CNN, "Both the FBI and our intelligence community believe that this is Bin Laden's signature."

1:00 p.m.

Play media

President George W. Bush addressing reporters from Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana.

President George W. Bush addressing reporters from Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana.

Menu

0:00

President George W. Bush addressing reporters from Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana.

1:00 (approximately): At the Pentagon, fire crews are still fighting fires. The early response to the attack had been coordinated from the National Military Command Center, but that had to be evacuated when it began to fill with smoke.

1:00 (approximately): Jets are scrambled from Elmendorf Air Force Base to shadow Flight 85.

1:04: President Bush puts the U.S. military on high alert worldwide (known as Force Protection Condition Delta). Taped remarks from the President were aired from Barksdale Air Force Base, stating that "freedom itself was attacked this morning by a faceless coward and freedom will be defended." He also said that the "United States will hunt down and punish those responsible for these cowardly acts." He then leaves for a U.S. Strategic Command bunker located at Offutt Air Force Base in Bellevue, Nebraska.^[58]

1:24: ATC instructs Flight 85 to change its transponder code to 7500, the universal signal for hijack, expecting that, if they had not been hijacked, the pilots would respond to that effect. Instead, they simply comply with the instruction, which ATC takes as confirmation that the flight has indeed been hijacked.^[59]

1:27: Mayor Anthony A. Williams of Washington, D.C., declares a state of emergency; the District of Columbia National Guard arrives on site.

2:00 p.m.

2:39: At a press conference New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani is asked to estimate the number of casualties at the World Trade Center. He replies, "More than any of us can bear."

2:45 (approximately) Alerted that a possible hijacked plane might strike a target in Alaska, Governor Tony Knowles orders the evacuation of potential targets.

2:50: President Bush arrives at Offutt Air Force Base, Bellevue, Nebraska, to convene a National Security Council teleconference via the U.S. STRATCOM bunker.

2:54: Flight 85 lands safely in Whitehorse, On the tarmac, Flight 85 was greeted by armed Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers who, after interrogating the pilots, learned the whole ordeal was caused by a translation error.^[60]

3:00 p.m.

3:00 (approx.): Pasquale Buzzelli, who lost consciousness in a North Tower stairway during the collapse, awakens to find himself lying atop the debris with only a fractured foot.^[61][62]

4:00 p.m.

Smoke plume emanating from the World Trade Center as seen from the ISS

4:00: National news outlets report that high officials in the federal intelligence community are stating that Osama bin Laden is suspect number one.

4:25: The New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ, and the American Stock Exchange report that they will remain closed Wednesday, September 12.

4:36: President Bush departs Offutt Air Force Base on Air Force One.

5:00 p.m.

5:20:27: The east penthouse on top of 7 World Trade Center crumbles apart.

5:20:33: 7 World Trade Center, a 47-story building, collapses. The building contained New York's emergency operations center, operated by the NYC Office of Emergency Management, originally intended to respond to disasters such as the September 11 terrorist attacks. Due to the emergency personnel having more than enough time to evacuate the building since the collapse of the North Tower, there are no injuries or deaths as a result of the collapse.

6:00 p.m.

 

Air Force One landing at Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland.

President George W. Bush disembarks from Air Force One after landing in Maryland, to board Marine One for the White House.

Airmen watch Marine One depart Andrews Air Force Base for the White House with President George Bush aboard.

6:00: Explosions and tracer fire are reported in Kabul, Afghanistan, by CNN and the BBC. The Northern Alliance, involved in a civil war with the Taliban government, is later reported to have attacked Kabul's airport with helicopter gunships.

6:00: The last of the aircraft headed for the U.S. lands in Canada at Vancouver International Airport, since it was flying over the Pacific.

6:54: U.S. President George W. Bush arrives at the White House in Washington, D.C.

7:00 p.m.

7:00: Efforts to locate survivors in the rubble that had been the twin towers continue. Fleets of ambulances are lined up to transport the injured to nearby hospitals, but they stand empty. "Ground Zero", as the site of the WTC collapse becomes known henceforth, is the exclusive domain of New York City's Fire Department and Police Department, despite volunteer steel and construction workers who stand ready to move large quantities of debris quickly. Relatives and friends of victims or likely victims, many displaying enlarged photographs of the missing printed on home computer printers, have appeared around New York. The New York Armory at Lexington Avenue and 26th Street and Union Square Park at 14th Street and Broadway become centers of vigil.

7:24: Members of Congress join on the steps of the United States Capitol and sing "God Bless America".^[63]

7:30: The U.S. government denies any responsibility for the reported explosions in Kabul, capital of Afghanistan.

8:00 p.m.

Play media

President George W. Bush addresses the U.S. people on the day's terrorist attacks.

8:00 (approx.): Port Authority Police Officer Will Jimeno, who was in an underground corridor between the two towers, is found alive in the rubble, and eventually freed at approximately 11:00 p.m.

8:30: U.S. President George W. Bush addresses the country from the White House in Washington, D.C.^[64] Among his statements:

Today, our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts[,]

Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve[, and]

The search is underway for those who are behind these evil acts...we will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them.

As Bush speaks, members of Congress tell CNN that during private briefings with senior administration officials, they were told that the administration had enough evidence that it was "confident" the attacks are the work of Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda terrorist network.

9:00 p.m.

9:00: President Bush meets his full National Security Council, followed roughly half an hour later by a meeting with a smaller group of key advisers. Bush and his advisers have evidence that Osama bin Laden is behind the attacks. CIA Director Tenet says that al-Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan are essentially one and the same. Bush says, "Tell the Taliban we're finished with them."

10:00 p.m.

10:00: There are reports (later proven incorrect) of many survivors buried in rubble in New York making cell phone calls. Only two more survivors will be pulled from the rubble on September 12 and neither of them had made cell phone calls.

11:00 p.m.

11:00: After 13 hours, the NYPD,  FDNY and PAPD finally dig out Will Jimeno. They learn that Port Authority police sergeant John McLoughlin is also trapped. The NYPD,  FDNY and PAPD dig him out at 8:00 am the next morning after he has been there for almost a day.

11:30: Before sleeping, President Bush enters into his journal: "The Pearl Harbor of the 21st century took place today...We think it's Osama bin Laden."^[65]

References

Footnotes

1. 
   

•  "Extract: 'We have some planes'". BBC News. July 23, 2004. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
• 
  
•  Atkins, Stephen (2011). The 9/11 Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-59884-921-9.
• 
  
•  "Remembering the 10th Anniversary of 9/11". WFAA Dallas-Fort Worth. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
• 
  
•  "The 9/11 Commission Report, Chapter 1: "We Have Some Planes"". National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. August 2004. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
• 
  
•  NTSB Report Archived June 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, page. 3
• 
  
•  "The Story of the FAA and NORAD Response to the September 11, 2001 Attacks (full audio transcript)" (PDF). Rutgers Law Review. August 25, 2011.
• 
  
•  Spencer, Lynn (2008). Touching history: the untold story of the drama that unfolded in the skies over America on 9/11. Simon and Schuster. p. 22. ISBN 9781416559252.
• 
  
•  Spencer, Lynn (2008). Touching history: the untold story of the drama that unfolded in the skies over America on 9/11. Simon and Schuster. p. 27. ISBN 9781416559252.
• 
  
•  Viser, Matt (September 11, 2005). "Two pilots revisit their 9/11". The Boston Globe. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
• 
  
•  "Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 11" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board Office of Research and Engineering. February 19, 2002.
• 
  
•  "Flight Path Study – United Airlines Flight 175" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board Office of Research and Engineering. February 19, 2002.
• 
  
•  "Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 11" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board Office of Research and Engineering. February 19, 2002.
• 
  
•  McAllister, T. P.; Gann, R. G.; Averill, J. D.; Gross, J. L.; Grosshandler, W. L.; Lawson, J. R.; McGrattan, K. B.; Pitts, W. M.; Prasad, K. R.; Sadek, F. H.; Nelson, H. E. (August 2008). Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of World Trade Center Building 7 (Volume 1). Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (NIST NCSTAR 1-9). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). pp. 1–8. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
• 
  
•  "BBC reporter at centre of attack". The Guardian. London. September 11, 2001. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
• 
  
•  "The Story of the FAA and NORAD Response to the September 11, 2001 Attacks (full audio transcript)" (PDF). Rutgers Law Review. August 25, 2011.
• 
  
•  Dwyer, Jim (August 13, 2005). "Vast Archive Yields New View of 9/11". The New York Times. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
• 
  
•  ResidentPinto (November 11, 2009). "WNYW 9/11 8:48 - 8:57" – via YouTube.
• 
  
•  "CNN.com - Transcripts". Edition.cnn.com. September 11, 2001. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
• 
  
•  CNBC begins reporting. Archived May 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine YouTube.
• 
  
•  "The Roll Radio Amateurs played on September 11, 2001". www.nyc-arecs.org.
• 
  
•  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_K5rSpuXTgg
• 
  
•  "The Hijacking of United 175 section". The 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. July 2004. p. 8. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
• 
  
•  "90th Floor Frozen, Even as Ground Zero Changes", The New York Times, September 12, 2007. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
• 
  
•  9/11 Commission Report Archived April 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, p. 35.
• 
  
•  With its transponder off, it is possible, though more difficult, to track an aircraft by its primary radar returns. But unlike transponder data, primary radar returns do not show the aircraft's identity and altitude.
• 
  
•  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCgE60nfdxw
• 
  
•  9/11 Commission Report, p. 289. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2008.
• 
  
•  Time as given in the 9/11 Commission Report Archived August 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, July 2004, pp. 8, 32. However, Final Report of the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers Archived October 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, published by the U.S. Commerce Department's National Institute of Standards and Technology in September 2005, pp. 83-84, timed this event at 9:02:59 a.m., established from time stamps in four September 11 telecasts.
• 
  
•  National Transportation and Safety Board (February 7, 2002). "Radar Data Impact Speed Study" (PDF). NTSB. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 19, 2007. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
• 
  
•  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jo-v9Nge6Zw
• 
  
•  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PElRJEDMuE
• 
  
•  https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/magazine/29FOB-medium-t.html
• 
  
•  Paltrow, Scott J., Kim, Queens Sook, Wall St. Journal, Could Helicopters Have Saved People From the Top of the Trade Center?
• 
  
•  National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, "We Have Some Planes," Archived May 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine 1.3 National Crisis Management, The President and the Vice President.
• 
  
•  "As Director of Communications Dan Bartlett points to news footage of the World Trade Center Towers burning, President George W. Bush gathers information about the attack at Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, Fla., Sept. 11, 2001. Also photographed are Director of White House Situation Room, National Security Council, Deborah Loewer (directly behind the President) and Senior Advisor Karl Rove (right). White House photo by Eric Draper". September 11, 2001.
• 
  
•  Timeline: Sept. 11, 2001  Archived March 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, FoxNews.com
• 
  
•  "The 9/11 Commissions Report, p. 11" (PDF).
• 
  
•  https://www.cpac.ca/en/cpac-in-focus/timeline-9-11-and-canada/
• 
  
•  9/11 Commission Report Archived May 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Sec. 1.3, National Crisis Management.
• 
  
•  Bamford, James (June 8, 2004). A Pretext for War: 9/11, Iraq, and the Abuse of U.S. Intelligence Agencies. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50672-4.
• 
  
•  "Explosion at the Pentagon". Fox News Channel. September 11, 2001. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016.
• 
  
•  "America's day of terror: Timeline". BBC News. September 12, 2001.
• 
  
•  Bone, James (August 13, 2005). "Voices of courage and terror resurrected by the 9/11 tapes: After four years, families of firefighters have forced release of radio messages". The Times. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
• 
  
•  Andrew Cockburn, "Rumsfeld" Archived March 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, March 25, 2007.
• 
  
•  https://www.youtube.com/watch/zxi2flUfRP8
• 
  
•  "St. Peter's Parish: Death and Resurrection at Ground Zero - September 2003 Issue of St. Anthony Messenger Magazine Online". www.americancatholic.org. Archived from the original on August 22, 2003. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
• 
  
•  9/11, March 10, 2002, retrieved September 11, 2017
• 
  
•  Excerpt from 9/11, March 10, 2002, retrieved June 23, 2015
• 
  
•  Executive Summary Archived April 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, p. 7-8
• 
  
•  The exact time is subject to some dispute—a report on seismographic data readings Archived March 20, 2003, at the Wayback Machine by Won-Young Kim and Gerald R. Baum puts the time of impact at 10:06:05. The 9/11 Commission argued "the seismic data on which [Kim and Baum based their] estimate are far too weak in signal-to-noise ratio and far too speculative in terms of signal source to be used as a means of contradicting the impact time [of 10:03] established by the very accurate combination of FDR, CVR, ATC, radar, and impact site data sets (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Notes Archived April 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, 1 "We Have Some Planes", note #168). Black box recordings, radar analysis, satellite data (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, "We Have Some Planes," 1.2 Improvising a Homeland Defense, United Airlines Flight 93) and at least one telephone call indicate 10:03:11.
• 
  
•  "1. We Have Some Planes". The 9-11 Commission Report. U.S. Government Printing Office. July 22, 2004. p. 45. Archived from the original on August 7, 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
• 
  
•  The 9/11 Commission Report, p. 44–45.
• 
  
•  The 9/11 Commission Report, p. 41.
• 
  
•  A stunning 48 hours of news Archived January 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press. ABC News: "Post-Attack Tremors", Sept. 16, 2002.
• 
  
•  1010 WINS (September 11, 2001). "10:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m." 1010 WINS. CBS. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
• 
  
•  "USATODAY.com - Korean Air jet may have narrowly missed disaster". usatoday30.usatoday.com. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
• 
  
•  CNN, September 11: Chronology of terror. Archived May 12, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
• 
  
•  "ABC News Special Report: America Under Attack". Associated Retired Aviation Professionals. Retrieved September 11, 2006.
• 
  
•  Media, Lori Townsend, Alaska Public. "Second Controller Speaks About Korean Airliner Incident on 9/11". Alaska Public Media. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
• 
  
•  Attack on the U.S.A.: Canadian Service of Remembrance, retrieved October 13, 2018
• 
  
•  Mikkelson, Barbara (April 21, 2008). "Man at WTC Survives Fall: Did a man survive a multi-story fall from the World Trade Center, riding down on the explosion like a surfer?". Snopes. Retrieved August 13, 2017. Pasquale Buzzelli. This 34-year-old Port Authority worker had begun the descent from his office on the 64th floor of the North Tower via Stairwell B and had reached what he believed was the 22nd floor when the building collapsed. (Genelle Guzman-McMillan, a clerk who was with him when the building went down, recalled they were on the 13th floor when everything came apart, so there still remains controversy as to where they were in the building at that critical moment, and thus how far they fell.) Buzzelli was knocked unconscious but came to a few hours later, was discovered atop a high pile of rubble by firemen, and rescued. His right foot was fractured and he had suffered a few scrapes and bruises, but was otherwise unharmed. Guzman-McMillan suffered a crushed right leg and was not pulled from the wreckage until a day after the disaster. Sixteen people in all survived the collapse of the North Tower.
• 
  
•  ""9/11 Surfer" Pasquale Buzzelli on Surviving the Collapse of the North Twin Tower".
• 
  
•  suleske (May 28, 2009), Congress sings "God Bless America" - 2001.09.11, retrieved September 22, 2017
• 
  
•  Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation Archived April 22, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Sept. 11, 2001.
• 
  

65.  Balz, Dan; Woodward, Bob (January 2002). "America's Chaotic Road to War:Bush's Global Strategy Began to Take Shape in First Frantic Hours After Attack". Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 27, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2007.

Further reading

• Bernstein, Richard B. (2003). Out of the Blue: A Narrative of September 11, 2001. Times Books. ISBN 0-8050-7410-4.
• Thompson, Paul (2004). The Terror Timeline: Year by Year, Day by Day, Minute by Minute: A Comprehensive Chronicle of the Road to 9/11. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-078338-9.

External links

• "America's Day of Terror: Timeline"  - British Broadcasting Corporation
• "Complete 911 Timeline" minute by minute - Provided by the History Commons.
• 9/11 Television News Archive at the Internet Archive (Understanding 9/11 archive).
• CNN: September 11: Chronology of terror at the Wayback Machine (archive index) (timeline published Sept. 12).
• 911 Case Study: Pentagon Flight 77: 3D Computer Simulation about The Pentagon impact.
• My 9/11 Flight: Airline pilot's account of the SCATANA airspace shutdown on 9/11.
• Pasquale Buzzelli, the "9/11 Surfer" who survived North Tower collapse.
• 1010 WINS from 8:00 a.m. (September 11, 2001) to 8:00 a.m. (September 12, 2001)
• 9/11 tragedy pager intercepts, published by WikiLeaks.
• "Timeline Flight 93: September 11, 2001" (PDF). www.nps.gov: U.S. National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2015.

v t e September 11 attacks
Timeline	Planning September 11, 2001 World Trade Center collapse Remainder of September October Post-October
Victims	Casualties emergency workers
Hijacked airliners	American Airlines Flight 11 United Airlines Flight 175 American Airlines Flight 77 United Airlines Flight 93 Suspected hijackings Korean Air Flight 85 Delta Air Lines Flight 1989
Crash sites	World Trade Center World Trade Center site The Pentagon Stonycreek / Shanksville, Pennsylvania
Aftermath	Immediate repercussions Artwork destroyed Closings and cancellations Detentions Communication Post-9/11 Economy Local health Airport security Reactions Conspiracy theories Rudy Giuliani Unsuccessful terrorist plots
Response	U.S. government response U.S. military response War on Terror Afghanistan North-West Pakistan Rescue and recovery effort Financial assistance Operation SUPPORT Operation Yellow Ribbon Memorials and services 9/11 Memorial and Museum World Trade Center Health Program
Perpetrators	Responsibility Alleged Saudi role Motives Hijackers 20th hijacker Hamburg cell Trials
Inquiries	U.S. Congressional Inquiry the 28 pages September 11 intelligence before the attacks August 2001 CIA warning 9/11 Commission Commission Report Criticism NIST investigation PENTTBOM ThinThread
Cultural effects	Cultural references Songs Comics Books Cartoonists Remember 9/11 Entertainment Humor Lost artworks
Miscellaneous	War games Patriot Day The Falling Man Impending Death Raising the Flag at Ground Zero Tourist Guy hoax Iraq War Twin Towers 2 Henryk Siwiak homicide Disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip Tania Head Jersey Girls Media documentation of the September 11 attacks

• Timelines of the September 11 attacks

       

___________________________________

Clairvoyant Collapse

                               By Staff-                    February 28, 2007                                        4936            

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The following  is a report by --------------------  on--------  concerning the fact that BBC reported that Building Seven had already collapsed... before it actually did.   This article will be transferred to archives as information is accumulated.                                                                                                                                                                                   

 The Summary 

BBC World News started reporting that 7 World Trade Center had collapsed about 23 minutes before the building actually came down, as video of the news network’s live broadcast on September 11th shows.

Editor’s Note:
BBC World News announced WTC 7 had collapsed, well in advance of the actual event. Discovery by blogger prompts controversy. Angered counter-attack from BBC avoids issue: What was the source of the information? New 3-minute video compilation of the key points from the BBC broadcast, demonstrating foreknowledge of WTC 7 collapse. Read more for complete coverage of the last three days.

The skyscraper also known as the Salomon Brothers Building was still standing and clearly visible over the shoulder of a BBC reporter in New York, even as the network provided accurate, past- tense details of its collapse. Jane Standley’s live report was interrupted about five minutes before WTC 7 actually came down at 5:20pm EDT. A video clip establishing this anomaly was discovered on the  archive.org  news service and first pointed out to the public Monday by the blog writer 911veritas at  911blogger.com  .

The ensuing controversy has prompted a swift, unusually angry response from the BBC, which however has failed to address the substantive issue: Apparently the network’s personnel were unfamiliar with WTC 7, which is excusable. They were however reporting information culled from a source with advance knowledge of the building’s collapse. Who was that source?

The answer may be essential to settling the long-standing dispute over whether the third skyscraper to fall on 9/11, which was not struck by an airplane, was demolished using explosives, or collapsed entirely due to structural damage and fire.

Until Tuesday, a 1-gigabyte file record of the BBC World News live broadcast was freely available for download from the Television Archive at archive.org, at http://ia311517.us.archive.org/2/items/bbc200109111654-1736/ V08591-16.mpg

Presumably thousands of people downloaded the file before archive.org took it offline. The news archive service provided an .xml label in the same directory, indicating that the 42-minute video segment was originally broadcast starting at 4:54pm EDT on September 11th. Various clues within the segment amply confirm this start time (see below), although no time is announced or shown during the segment.

For information purposes under fair-use provisions we are making available a three-minute, 10-megabyte WMV video showing the key excerpts from the segment, with inserted time labels based on a start time of 4:54pm EDT.

——————-

 WTC 7: Historical Footnote? 

The 47-story skyscraper WTC 7 was located to the north of the North Tower, across Vesey Street. Prior to 9/11, this relatively obscure cousin to the Twin Towers was more commonly known as the Salomon Brothers Building after its largest tenant.

Built above and around an electrical substation, WTC 7 also housed other businesses and a number of federal agencies: the Securities and Exchange Commission, the IRS, the Department of Defense, and a secret CIA station that the Agency later described as its largest office in North America outside of the Washington area.

The Mayor’s Office of Emergency Management, a high-tech nerve center built by the Giuliani administration and intended as the city’s command headquarters in a crisis, was on the 23rd floor. The location was criticized by officials at the New York Fire Department and others who considered it insecure.

The 9/11 events rendered OEM unusable. WTC 7 was evacuated in the morning, caught fire at some point after the Twin Towers fell, and collapsed completely at 5:20pm Eastern Daylight Time on Sept. 11, 2001. The building fell evenly within 6.5 seconds, leaving a pile of rubble contained almost entirely within the original footprint. The many external signs of a controlled demolition raised the prospect that explosives were used to bring it down. (See for example the video clips at  http://www.wtc7.net/videos.html  ).

Authorities have maintained the global failure was entirely due to the serious structural damage caused by the earlier collapse of the Twin Towers and subsequent fires (fueled by diesel tanks located around the building, the largest of which belonged to OEM). The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was charged with preparing a full report. Its publication date has been delayed several times over a period of almost two years, and is currently scheduled for April 2007.

More at Improbable Collapse: The Demolition of our Republic

——————-

 BBC Coverage on 9/11 

The file obtained from archive.org shows that the BBC’s uncannily clairvoyant news coverage of the event began at 4:57 pm EDT, 23 minutes before the building actually collapsed. [3:19 on the archive.org video]

Speaking from London, BBC World News anchorman Philip Hayton says, “We’ve got some news coming in — the Salomon Brothers Building in New York, right in that part of Manhattan, also has collapsed. This does fit in with a warning from the British Foreign Office a couple of hours ago to British citizens that… there was ‘a strong risk of further atrocities in the United States. And it does seem as if there now is another one with the Salomon Brothers Building collapsing. We’ve got no word yet on casualties, one assumes that the building would have been virtually deserted.” Hayton then reports that the US president is on a flight back to Washington from Nebraska, confirming that the broadcast time is just before 5pm EDT.

The collapse is noted again in the top-of-the-hour headlines, and Hayton gives a longer report at 5:10pm. [13:30 on the archive.org video] Significantly, the details are now revised, indicating Hayton has been given new information in the meantime: “Now more on the latest building collapse,” he says. “You might have heard a few minutes ago I was talking about the Salomon Brothers Building collapsing, and indeed it has… It seems that this was not the result of a new attack, it was because the building had been weakened in this morning’s attacks.” Thus Hayton is not only reporting on an event still 10 minutes into the future, but also accurately conveying how the authorities would explain that event, both then and for the next five years. He then introduces a live report from the network’s New York correspondant, Jane Standley.

Standley is seen in front of a window as smoke rises from the destroyed World Trade Center about 10 to 20 blocks behind her. WTC 7 is clearly visible on the right side of the shot, although the British reporter shows no sign she was in any way familiar with the building. She admits to Hayton that she only knows what he has already reported, then speaks for about a minute on the 9/11 events generally, before Hayton again asks about possible casualties at WTC 7. Again, she cannot say. Their exchange on other matters continues, with WTC 7 visible in the background until 5:14pm, when the feed from New York suddenly turns shaky and goes dead. [20:30 on the archive.org video]

The building collapsed about five minutes later.

The video leaves no doubt that the BBC received accurate information on the future collapse of WTC 7,  and that the information included the later explanation for that collapse.  We presume the BBC was innocent and unwitting in presenting this report in advance of the actual event, believing the collapse had indeed already happened.

We might reasonably guess that before making its way to the BBC by whatever means, the information originated among the authorities in New York. And  that  is the question here: Who was the original source of the information? Did the source also phrase the event in the past tense? How was the source certain the building would collapse?

The issue raising the most clamor among 9/11 skeptics is surely the timing. Even if the authorities are expecting the building to buckle and collapse due to damage, the exact time is still unknown. That the building does fall straight into its footprint on cue five minutes after Standley’s premature report breaks off is breathtaking.

——————-

 The BBC Responds to the Controversy 

Yesterday the head of BBC World News issued the following response to the controversy via his blog at http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/ theeditors/2007/02/part_of_the_conspiracy.html

 Part of the conspiracy? 

 Richard Porter   27 Feb 07, 05:12 PM 

 The 9/11 conspiracy theories are pretty well known by now. The BBC addressed them earlier this month with a documentary, The Conspiracy Files, shown within the UK. 

 Until now, I don’t think we’ve been accused of being part of the conspiracy. But now some websites are using news footage from BBC World on September 11th 2001 to suggest we were actively participating in some sort of attempt to manipulate the audience. As a result, we’re now getting lots of emails asking us to clarify our position.   So here goes: 

 1. We’re not part of a conspiracy. Nobody told us what to say or do on September 11th. We didn’t get told in advance that buildings were going to fall down. We didn’t receive press releases or scripts in advance of events happening. 

 2. In the chaos and confusion of the day, I’m quite sure we said things which turned out to be untrue or inaccurate – but at the time were based on the best information we had. We did what we always did – sourced our reports, used qualifying words like “apparently” or “it’s reported” or “we’re hearing” and constantly tried to check and double check the information we were receiving. 

 3. Our reporter Jane Standley was in New York on the day of the attacks, and like everyone who was there, has the events seared on her mind. I’ve spoken to her today and unsurprisingly, she doesn’t remember minute-by-minute what she said or did – like everybody else that day she was trying to make sense of what she was seeing; what she was being told; and what was being told to her by colleagues in London who were monitoring feeds and wires services. 

 4. We no longer have the original tapes of our 9/11 coverage (for reasons of cock-up, not conspiracy). So if someone has got a recording of our output, I’d love to get hold of it. We do have the tapes for our sister channel News 24, but they don’t help clear up the issue one way or another. 

 5. If we reported the building had collapsed before it had done so, it would have been an error – no more than that. As one of the comments on You Tube says today “so the guy in the studio didn’t quite know what was going on? Woah, that totally proves conspiracy… ” 

 Richard Porter is head of news, BBC World 

——————-

 “How to Exacerbate a Public Relations Crisis” 

Porter’s phillipic is curious. It was well within his power to view the suspect footage and act to defuse the controversy in a calm, factual way. One might imagine something along these lines:

 “Well, yeah it looks funny, at first sight, seeing our Jane talking about the collapse with the building still standing behind her. Shucks. But consider please the bad damage to WTC 7! The authorities were expecting it to come down at some point that evening or the next day. The streets were cleared in anticipation. So somehow a report was prepared and honestly, we don’t really remember who we got it from. And then it ended up broadcast prematurely. Oops, we regret this, but things like that do happen, it was a chaotic day…” 

Child’s play.

Instead, Porter chooses to identify purveyors of “conspiracy theory” as the enemy, and draws a direct link to the BBC’s recent documentary attack on 9/11 skepticism, as though this is in any way relevant to what BBC World News itself broadcast on September 11th.

He preemptively avers that the BBC has been accused of belonging to “a conspiracy” – which of course the Standley clip does not show, and which no reasonable person would claim on the basis of the clip.

Then he pulls out two unconfirmable claims that may sound all-too familiar: No one remembers exactly what was reported then. And all archived video of the day’s broadcasts has been lost.

There would be groans from the gallery, but normally these two claims amount to trump cards. Except for a decisive difference in this case: the footage is already circulating openly on the Web, where everyone can see it.

Did Porter not view the widely-available video of his network’s advance reports of the WTC 7 collapse, before writing his response? This would amount to an embarrassing lack of due diligence for a news director — in fact, an arrogance worthy of the Soviet media.

Or did Porter watch the segment? In that case, “we forgot” and “we lost our records” are not valid excuses. (Although they seem to be contagious ones: note the message below from archive.org, explaining why the video suddenly went off-line yesterday.)

Finally, note the careful phrasing of Porter’s first item: “We didn’t receive press releases or scripts in advance of events happening.” Of course, information also comes in forms other than press releases and scripts. So let’s repeat the relevant question to Porter:

Did the BBC get information that WTC 7 had collapsed on 9/11, before it actually did collapse? Or was it a guess that was “in error” when first reported, but magically turned out to be true just five minutes later?

Where did the information come from, Mr. Porter?

 Appendix  : E-mail from archive.org in response to our email

From: Renata Ewing (renata@archive.org)

Date: Feb 27, 2007 11:48 AM

Subject: Re: BBC Footage verification question

To: Janice Matthews

Hello Janice

Thank you for your email.

The item you write about is not actually ready to be viewed. It is part of a test of a new collection on 9/11. It was not meant to be streamed or downloaded.

Since we are not the source of the footage, we are not able to verify the information contained in it.

The Television Archive is a division of the Internet Archive.

Cheers,

Renata

—————————–

Our original email to archive.org:

From: Janice Matthews Date: Feb 26, 2007 5:55 PM Subject: BBC Footage verification question To: info@archive.org, renata@archive.org

Dear InternetArchive.org,

First, please let me say thank you for the great work you’re doing!

A certain video, found at your site, has been making its way around the Internet like wildfire today, finding itself the source of live radio discussions today, phone calls to the BBC and american media, and generally causing quite a stir, as well it should. 911Truth.org is very cautious in our reporting, however, and would like to verify as thoroughly as possible that this information is accurate. Therefore, we decided to go to the source and ask you directly about a couple of things. Thanks for your time in helping us with this.

The footage in question is at: http://ia311517.us.archive.org/2/items/bbc200109111654-1736/V08591-16.mpg.

It is footage from the BBC World, broadcast between 4:54 and 5:36 pm EDT on 9/11/01, apparently being taped live in New York City. A woman correspondent is reporting with what appears to be live footage of the Manhattan skyline behind her, including WTC Building 7 just to her right on the screen (over her left shoulder). Yet she is reporting in her broadcast, at approximately 5pm, with WTC7 behind her, that WTC7 has collapsed. (Of course, WTC7 actually collapsed at 5:20pm that day.) Naturally, this is rather confusing! Our first questions are, obviously, 1) was the timestamp on the video accurate, 2) is the footage behind her real or greenscreen, 3) can this footage be verified as from the BBC or could it have been created by someone else, and 4) how can we reach “Television Archive” who is reported as being the original contributor?

We have reviewed the .xml files associated with this video, which appear to verify the validity of source of the footage is indeed BBC: (metadata)(identifier)bbc200109111654-1736 (title)BBC Sept. 11, 2001 4:54 pm – 5:36 pm (mediatype)movies (collection)sept_11_tv_archive (collection)BBC (collection)televisionarchive (publisher)BBC TV (creator)BBC TV (contributor)Television Archive (timezone)-4 (description) News from BBC TV was recorded by the Television Archive, a non-profit archive. Video available as a loan (stream) only. Click for  next video  ,  previous video  , or  program guide  .  Date:  2001-09-11 20:54:47 UTC  Air Time:  2001-09-11 16:54:47 EDT  Length:  0:41:41 (/description) (language)eng (date)2001-09-11 20:54:47 (Air_Time)2001-09-11 16:54:47 EDT (stream_only)1 (subject) Television News; September 11 Terrorist Attacks; 911 Terrorist Attacks

I am not able to view the video via the links in this file, however, and the associated “program file” and “thumbnails” are not available. We notice that this information was updated, at least the line re. “curator” on 2/18/07. Why is that? It appears this file was last modified February 18, 07. Can you tell us whether “curator” was the only modification then? … (short second xml file deleted for brevity)

Finally, I have been unable to download or view the stream on your site, as it “hangs” after an hour or so of downloading… Can you help me see the original footage you have posted?

Thank you for your help. We are prepared to present this information to high-level officials and news media once we can verify; I hope you understand the significance of this and why we are so intent on tracking it down. Please feel free to call me if you would prefer that to email. 816.268.3386 or 816.277.9375 cell. Sincerely,

Janice Matthews Executive Director 911Truth.org

___________________________________ From: Janice Matthews To: info@archive.org,renata@archive.org date Feb 26, 2007 6:48 PM ———————

More questions…

Why is it that most (not all) of the BBC footage segments from that day do not have links to be able to view the streaming video? I’m not finding that to be the case with other networks on that day, nor for the BBC on other days…?

Thanks,
Janice

 

From:  The Tyler Chronicle      Summer, 2018      Worldwide Edition

 Some Events & Circumstances Concerning 911   

There are several conspiracy theories involving 911; most of them suggesting that the United States Government was in one way or another responsible for the tragic events of that day. This is another of those ideas that may be hard for you or me or the average man  on the street to accept. In addidtion, it appears that the facts may not be at all easy to ascertain. Like the others in this series, this report will undergo continual modification as information is accumulated and incorporated into it.      

Remember these names.
Barry Jennings, Kenneth Johannemann, Michael H. Doran, Christopher Landis, Bertha Champagne, Paul Smith, John Del Giorno, Deborah Palfrey, Major General David Wherley, Salvatore Princiotta, David, Graham.

For more as the story develops see "911", Chronicle Page 13

___________________________________

The Tyler Chronicle    Worldwide Edition,  Winter 2022

BMCN Radio Network Tops 120,000 

   Bobby D. Moore has realized the dream of a lifetime. He has launched his own radio network. "I have been in love with radio since I was a kid," he said. "And now the development of the internet and digital electronics has made it possible for me to accomplish what only a few years ago would have been impossible. I am grateful to God for the opportunity to create this powerful instrument for good."

   As a child Moore listened to stations like the powerful border station, XERF in Del Rio, Texas. "The station was so powerful that your automobile headlights would light up from the signal when you were parked near the antenna!" he said. XERF has a colorful history which Moore is more than happy to relate, but that is another story. Some years ago, in fact, he made a trip to Mexico and Del Rio to try to buy the station. "I didn't have enough money to pay for gasoline for the trip, but I wanted my own radio station," he chuckled. 

   Local radio stations also impressed Moore as a child. "In the earliest days (when I was about five), all the local stations were AM. The reception was not the best, but let me tell you, some of the best programming came out of those little stations! The earliest local radio personalities I remember played country/western music. Hank Williams and Eddie Arnold were at the top. When the first rock and roll music and news station came to our little East Texas town, it really shook things up. Sermons were preached against it and Elvis was condemned as a disciple of Satan. But the best rock and roll DJ ever to exist on the face of the earth got his start on a station in our town. His name was Paul Williams... "Tall Paul" Williams to be exact. Paul wasn't tall at all, but in all my years, I have never heard a radio personality who could outdo him!" Moore still has recordings of Paul Williams on the air in the 50s.

   But all the quaint memories aside, what has driven Bobby Moore to launch BMCN? His smile vanishes when asked this question. It is almost as if he becomes a different person. Here is what he has to say....

   "I have always cherished freedom. I had the good fortune to grow up in what I believed to be the greatest nation on earth, and basked in the great freedom, which I, like many others, took for granted. It may seem a little contradictory, but although I viewed it as a birthright, I realized that freedom could be lost. And as the decades passed, I personally witnessed the erosion and usurpation of that freedom, bit by bit and piece by piece. 

   "Politics, government, and history didn't interest me very much; I was completely immersed in science and technology during most of my childhood and well into middle life. But as time passed (as I mentioned before) I began to see the growing intrusion of the federal government into the lives of the people. I watched our culture disintegrate. I watched public education become a propaganda tool; I saw our moral values inverted. I watched America become a police state. I personally experienced it.

   "As I saw it, I had two choices; one was to try to escape the oncoming tyranny; the other was to stand against it. You can see which choice I made. It remains to be seen whether or not that was a good decision for me personally."

   "The purpose of BMCN is to provide entertaining programming and a very healthy, if somewhat alarming, dose of what I believe to be truth. ( Mark Twain advised us to use truth sparingly, since it is a very scarce commodity!)"

   "And so, BMCN (The Bobby Moore Communications Network) is based upon lofty ideals. But that's not enough; it's ultimate success will depend upon your support. " At the time of this writing the network did not charge for advertising. 

  Actually, BMCN is a network of seven stations, including the recently added You Tube television edition. Our address there is: You Tube BMCN Television. To reach a complete directory of the BMCN radio stations go to www.bmcndirectory.com

BMCN  The Bobby Moore Communications Network Honors Paul Williams

According to Bobby D. Moore, founder of BMCN, Paul Williams was the greatest Rock and Roll disk jockey to ever spin a record.  Paul, "Wild Child" Williams was one of a kind. Teenage girls went crazy over him, local preachers accused him of leading the town's youth toward the burning pits of hell, and the sponsors of his after-school radio shows smiled all the way to the bank. 

The year was 1958 and Paul Williams was a senior at Tyler High School in the last graduating class before the name of the school was changed. And that's not all that was changing in Tyler, Texas about that time. In fact, you might say, "Change was in the air!"  The town had supported two AM radio stations; KGKB, the older of the two at 1490 kilocycles which signed off at sunset, and KTBB with the more favorable frequency of 600 kc. Both stations were well accepted by the highly conservative and very fundamentalist population. They played a lot of country music and each had its share of Sunday morning church services.

But then, about the time "Tall Paul" graduated, the radio "airwaves" of a new and very different station signaled "change" for Tyler radio!  Broadcast-ing. From their new studios on the 13th floor of the Peoples Bank Building, KDOK began spreading the musical gospel of "rock and roll". It was the "real deal" featuring the original recordings of the greats; Fats Domino, Elvis, The Everly Brothers, and all  the rest. For some Tylerites, entrenched in their ways, it appeared that the "end of time" had come!  But for many of the younger set, it was a breath of fresh air.  

The timing was perfect. The new station arrived at exactly the right time to  capitalize on the rock and roll wave that would soon be sweeping the country. And Paul Williams was there; his show was an immediate success. The effect this young man had on his listening audience was phenominal. Included in this article is a poem about the "new" station written by a Whitehouse High School student of the time (a young man, by the way). Paul had an incredible wit and was a master of "word play". And when he was sitting between the turntables and in front of that big old studio microphone, he could do no wrong! But "away from the microphone" may have been another story. There are at least two versions of the following tale. Here is the story as related to us  by Paul himself.

The Whiskey Bottle that Changed History

... to be continued...
 

Click an Address  Below to Tune In Instantly to the BMCN Station of Your Choice

NOTE:  We are currently rescheduling and making technical adjustments. Stations may be periodically off the air without notice. 

BMCN FLAGSHIP

https://control.internet-radio.com:2199/tunein/bmcn.asx

BMCN  ARCHIVE

https://control.internet-radio.com:2199/tunein/bmcnarchive.asx

BMCN MUSIC

https://control.internet-radio.com:2199/tunein/bmcnmusic.asx

BMCN SHOW

 https://control.internet-radio.com:2199/tunein/bmcnshow.asx

BMCN TALK

https://control.internet-radio.com:2199/tunein/bmcntalks.asx

BMCN TYLER

https://control.internet-radio.com:2199/tunein/bmcntyler.asx

BMCN GOSPEL

https://control.internet-radio.com:2199/tunein/bmcngospel.asx

BMCN TELEVISION

Go to You Tube BMCN TELEVISION. That's all there is to it!

Bobby Moore, Founder of BMCN producing a live show.

Bobby spoofing the 70s era.  "The old 50s and 60s music was my thing", he said.

All the News That Is News... Coming Soon on BMCN....

___________________________________

"It's Your Health!"

Is an All Veggie Diet for You?

Diet composition and nutrition

(From Wikipedia)

Western vegetarian diets are typically high in carotenoids, but relatively low in omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin B₁₂.^[74] Vegans can have particularly low intake of vitamin B and calcium if they do not eat enough items such as collard greens, leafy greens, tempeh and tofu (soy).^[75] High levels of dietary fiber, folic acid, vitamins C and E, and magnesium, and low consumption of saturated fat are all considered to be beneficial aspects of a vegetarian diet.^[76] A well planned vegetarian diet will provide all nutrients in a meat-eater's diet to the same level for all stages of life.^[77]

Protein

Protein intake in vegetarian diets is lower than in meat diets but can meet the daily requirements for most people.^[78] Studies at Harvard University as well as other studies conducted in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and various European countries, confirmed vegetarian diets provide sufficient protein intake as long as a variety of plant sources are available and consumed.^[79]

Iron

Vegetarian diets typically contain similar levels of iron to non-vegetarian diets, but this has lower bioavailability than iron from meat sources, and its absorption can sometimes be inhibited by other dietary constituents.^[80] According to the Vegetarian Resource Group, consuming food that contains vitamin C, such as citrus fruit or juices, tomatoes, or broccoli, is a good way to increase the amount of iron absorbed at a meal.^[81] Vegetarian foods rich in iron include black beans, cashews, hempseed, kidney beans, broccoli, lentils, oatmeal, raisins, spinach, cabbage, lettuce, black-eyed peas, soybeans, many breakfast cereals, sunflower seeds, chickpeas, tomato juice, tempeh, molasses, thyme, and whole-wheat bread.^[82] The related vegan diets can often be higher in iron than vegetarian diets, because dairy products are low in iron.^[76] Iron stores often tend to be lower in vegetarians than non-vegetarians, and a few small studies report very high rates of iron deficiency (up to 40%,^[83] and 58%^[84] of the respective vegetarian or vegan groups). However, the American Dietetic Association states that iron deficiency is no more common in vegetarians than non-vegetarians (adult males are rarely iron deficient); iron deficiency anaemia is rare no matter the diet.^[85]

Vitamin B₁₂

Vitamin B₁₂ is not generally present in plants but is naturally found in foods of animal origin.^[3][86] Lacto-ovo vegetarians can obtain B₁₂ from dairy products and eggs, and vegans can obtain it from manufactured fortified foods (including plant-based products and breakfast cereals) and dietary supplements.^[3][87][88] A strict vegetarian diet avoiding consumption of all animal products risks vitamin B12 deficiency, which can lead to hyperhomocysteinemia, a risk factor for several health disorders, including anemia, neurological deficits, gastrointestinal problems, platelet disorders, and increased risk for cardiovascular diseases.^[3][4] The recommended daily dietary intake of B₁₂ in the United States and Canada is 0.4 mcg (ages 0–6 months), rising to 1.8 mcg (9–13 years), 2.4 mcg (14+ years), and 2.8 mcg (lactating female).^[86] While the body's daily requirement for vitamin B₁₂ is in microgram amounts, deficiency of the vitamin through strict practice of a vegetarian diet without supplementation can increase the risk of several chronic diseases.^[3][4][86]

Fatty acids

Plant-based, or vegetarian, sources of Omega 3 fatty acids include soy, walnuts, pumpkin seeds, canola oil, kiwifruit, hempseed, algae, chia seed, flaxseed, echium seed and leafy vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, cabbage and purslane. Purslane contains more Omega 3 than any other known leafy green. Olives (and olive oil) are another important plant source of unsaturated fatty acids. Plant foods can provide alpha-linolenic acid which the human body uses to synthesize the long-chain n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. EPA and DHA can be obtained directly in high amounts from oily fish or fish oils. Vegetarians, and particularly vegans, have lower levels of EPA and DHA than meat-eaters. While the health effects of low levels of EPA and DHA are unknown, it is unlikely that supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid will significantly increase levels.^{[89][clarification needed]} Recently, some companies have begun to market vegetarian DHA supplements containing seaweed extracts. Whole seaweeds are not suitable for supplementation because their high iodine content limits the amount that may be safely consumed. However, certain algae such as spirulina are good sources of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), stearidonic acid (SDA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid (AA).^[90][91]

Calcium

Calcium intake in vegetarians and vegans can be similar to non-vegetarians, as long as the diet is properly planned.^[92] Lacto-ovo vegetarians that include dairy products can still obtain calcium from dairy sources like milk, yogurt, and cheese.^[93]

Non-dairy milks that are fortified with calcium, such as soymilk and almond milk can also contribute a significant amount of calcium in the diet.^[94] The calcium found in broccoli, bok choy, and kale have also been found to have calcium that is well absorbed in the body.^[92][93][95] Though the calcium content per serving is lower in these vegetables than a glass of milk, the absorption of the calcium into the body is higher.^[93][95] Other foods that contain calcium include calcium-set tofu, blackstrap molasses, turnip greens, mustard greens, soybeans, tempeh, almonds, okra, dried figs, and tahini.^[92][94] Though calcium can be found in Spinach, swiss chard, beans and beet greens, they are generally not considered to be a good source since the calcium binds to oxalic acid and is poorly absorbed into the body.^[93] Phytic acid found in nuts, seeds, and beans may also impact calcium absorption rates.^[93] See the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements for calcium needs for various ages,^[93] the Vegetarian Resource Group^[94] and the Vegetarian Nutrition Calcium Fact Sheet from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics^[92] for more specifics on how to obtain adequate calcium intake on a vegetarian or vegan diet.

Vitamin D

Further information: Vitamin D

Vitamin D needs can be met via the human body's own generation upon sufficient and sensible exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light in sunlight.^[96][97] Products including milk, soy milk and cereal grains may be fortified to provide a source of Vitamin D.^[98] For those who do not get adequate sun exposure or food sources, Vitamin D supplementation may be necessary.

Vitamin D₂

• Plants
  • Alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. sativa), shoot: 4.8 μg (192 IU) vitamin D₂, 0.1 μg (4 IU) vitamin D₃^[99]
• Fungus, from USDA nutrient database:^[100]
  • Mushrooms, portabella, exposed to ultraviolet light, raw: Vitamin D₂: 11.2 μg (446 IU)
  • Mushrooms, portabella, exposed to ultraviolet light, grilled: Vitamin D₂: 13.1 μg (524 IU)
  • Mushrooms, shiitake, dried: Vitamin D₂: 3.9 μg (154 IU)
  • Mushrooms, shiitake, raw: Vitamin D₂: 0.4 μg (18 IU)
  • Mushrooms, portabella, raw: Vitamin D₂: 0.3 μg (10 IU)
  • Mushroom powder, any species, illuminated with sunlight or artificial ultraviolet light sources

Vitamin D₂, or ergocalciferol is found in fungus (except alfalfa which is a plantae) and created from viosterol, which in turn is created when ultraviolet light activates ergosterol (which is found in fungi and named as a sterol from ergot). Any UV-irradiated fungus including yeast form vitamin D₂.^[101] Human bioavailability of vitamin D₂ from vitamin D₂-enhanced button mushrooms via UV-B irradiation is effective in improving vitamin D status and not different from a vitamin D₂ supplement according to study.^[102] For example, Vitamin D₂ from UV-irradiated yeast baked into bread is bioavailable.^[103] By visual assessment or using a chromometer, no significant discoloration of irradiated mushrooms, as measured by the degree of "whiteness", was observed^[104] making it hard to discover if they have been treated without labeling. Claims have been made that a normal serving (approx. 3 oz or 1/2 cup, or 60 grams) of mushrooms treated with ultraviolet light increase their vitamin D content to levels up to 80 micrograms,^[105] or 2700 IU if exposed to just 5 minutes of UV light after being harvested.^[106]

Choline

Main article: Choline

Choline is a nutrient that helps transfer signals between nerve cells and is involved in liver function. It is highest in dairy foods and meat but it is possible to be obtained through a vegan diet.^[107] 

___________________________________

In-Depth Series on "The American Drug Culture"

Fentanyl Killed 32,000 Americans in 2018  Says The Epoch Times

According to a front page article in the Sept. 5 edition, China is the principal source of the synthetic opioid which continues to flow, unabated, into the U.S. through carriers such as UPS, Fed Ex, and Amazon. While President Trump continues his crackdown on the illicit drug, its manufacture and importation has been likened to a program of chemical warfare against the U.S.

Following is a little of what we know about Fentanyl. Our hope is that you will share this information with your friends and especially with your children. Pretending the threat doesn't exist won't solve the problem.

Here is most of what you need to know about this dangerous drug.

What Is Fentanyl? (National Institute on Drug Abuse)

Fentanyl is a powerful synthetic opioid that is similar to morphine but is 50 to 100 times more potent.^1,2 It is a prescription drug that is also made and used illegally. Like morphine, it is a medicine that is typically used to treat patients with severe pain, especially after surgery.³ It is also sometimes used to treat patients with chronic pain who are physically tolerant to other opioids.⁴ Tolerance occurs when you need a higher and/or more frequent amount of a drug to get the desired effects.

In its prescription form, fentanyl is known by such names as Actiq^®, Duragesic^®, and Sublimaze^®.^4,5 Street names for illegally used fentanyl include Apache, China Girl, China White, Dance Fever, Friend, Goodfellas, Jackpot, Murder 8, and Tango & Cash.

Synthetic opioids, including fentanyl, are now the most common drugs involved in drug overdose deaths in the United States. In 2017, 59.⁸ percent of opioid-related deaths involved fentanyl compared to 14.3 percent in 2010.

What are Opioids?

Opioids are a class of drugs naturally found in the opium poppy plant. Some opioids are made from the plant directly, and others, like fentanyl, are made by scientists in labs using the same chemical structure (semi-synthetic or synthetic).

How do people use fentanyl?

When prescribed by a doctor, fentanyl can be given as a shot, a patch that is put on a person’s skin, or as lozenges that are sucked like cough drops.⁶

The illegally used fentanyl most often associated with recent overdoses is made in labs. This synthetic fentanyl is sold illegally as a powder, dropped onto blotter paper, put in eye droppers and nasal sprays, or made into pills that look like other prescription opioids.⁷

Some drug dealers are mixing fentanyl with other drugs, such as heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and MDMA. This is because it takes very little to produce a high with fentanyl, making it a cheaper option. This is especially risky when people taking drugs don’t realize they might contain fentanyl as a cheap but dangerous additive. They might be taking stronger opioids than their bodies are used to and can be more likely to overdose. To learn more about the mixture of fentanyl into other drugs, visit the Drug Enforcement Administration’s Drug Facts on fentanyl.

How does fentanyl affect the brain?

Like heroin, morphine, and other opioid drugs, fentanyl works by binding to the body's opioid receptors, which are found in areas of the brain that control pain and emotions.⁸ After taking opioids many times, the brain adapts to the drug, diminishing its sensitivity, making it hard to feel pleasure from anything besides the drug. When people become addicted, drug seeking and drug use take over their lives.

Fentanyl's effects include    

• extreme     happiness        

• drowsiness            

• nausea            

• confusion            

• constipation            

• sedation            

• problems     breathing        

• unconsciousness    

Can you overdose on fentanyl?

Yes, a person can overdose on fentanyl. An overdose occurs when a drug produces serious adverse effects and life-threatening symptoms. When people overdose on fentanyl, their breathing can slow or stop. This can decrease the amount of oxygen that reaches the brain, a condition called hypoxia. Hypoxia can lead to a coma and permanent brain damage, and even death.

How can a fentanyl overdose be treated?

As mentioned above, many drug dealers mix the cheaper fentanyl with other drugs like heroin, cocaine, MDMA and methamphetamine to increase their profits, making it often difficult to know which drug is causing the overdose. Naloxone is a medicine that can treat a fentanyl overdose when given right away. It works by rapidly binding to opioid receptors and blocking the effects of opioid drugs. But fentanyl is stronger than other opioid drugs like morphine and might require multiple doses of naloxone.

Because of this, if you suspect someone has overdosed, the most important step to take is to call 911 so he or she can receive immediate medical attention. Once medical personnel arrive, they will administer naloxone if they suspect an opioid drug is involved.

People who are given naloxone should be monitored for another two hours after the last dose of naloxone is given to make sure breathing does not slow or stop.

Some states have passed laws that allow pharmacists to dispense naloxone without a personal prescription. This allows friends, family, and others in the community to use the auto-injector or nasal spray versions of naloxone to save someone who is overdosing. People who are or know someone at risk for an opioid overdose can be trained on how to give naloxone and can carry it with them in case of an emergency.

Naloxone is available as an injectable (needle) solution, a hand-held auto-injector (EVZIO®), and a nasal spray (NARCAN^® Nasal Spray).

Read more on our Naloxone webpage.

Can fentanyl use lead to addiction?

Yes. Fentanyl is addictive because of its potency. A person taking prescription fentanyl as instructed by a doctor can experience dependence, which is characterized by withdrawal symptoms when the drug is stopped. A person can be dependent on a substance without being addicted, but dependence can sometimes lead to addiction.

Addiction is the most severe form of a substance use disorder (SUD). SUDs are characterized by compulsive drug seeking and drug use that can be difficult to control, despite harmful consequences. When someone is addicted to drugs, they continue to use them even though they cause health problems or issues at work, school, or home. An SUD can range from mild to severe.

People addicted to fentanyl who stop using it can have severe withdrawal symptoms that begin as early as a few hours after the drug was last taken. These symptoms include:

• muscle     and bone pain        

• sleep     problems        

• diarrhea     and vomiting       

• cold     flashes with goose bumps        

• uncontrollable     leg movements       

• severe cravings    

These symptoms can be extremely uncomfortable and are the reason many people find it so difficult to stop taking fentanyl. There are medicines being developed to help with the withdrawal process for fentanyl and other opioids. The FDA has approved lofexidine, a non-opioid medicine designed to reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms. Also, the NSS-2 Bridge device is a small electrical nerve stimulator placed behind the person’s ear, that can be used to try to ease symptoms for up to five days during the acute withdrawal phase. In December 2018, the FDA cleared a mobile medical application, reSET®, to help treat opioid use disorders. This application is a prescription cognitive behavioral therapy and should be used in conjunction with treatment that includes buprenorphine and contingency management.

How is fentanyl addiction treated?

Like other opioid addictions, medication with behavioral therapies has been shown to be effective in treating people with a fentanyl addiction.

Medications: Buprenorphine and methadone work by binding to the same opioid receptors in the brain as fentanyl, reducing cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Another medicine, naltrexone, blocks opioid receptors and prevents fentanyl from having an effect. People can discuss treatment options with their health provider.

Counseling: Behavioral therapies for addiction to opioids like fentanyl can help people modify their attitudes and behaviors related to drug use, increase healthy life skills, and help them stick with their medication. Some examples include:

• cognitive     behavioral therapy, which helps modify the patient's drug use     expectations and behaviors, and effectively manage triggers and     stress        

• contingency     management, which uses a voucher-based system giving patients     “points” based on negative drug tests. They can use the points     to earn items that encourage healthy living        

• Motivational interviewing,     which is a patient-centered counseling style that addresses a     patient’s mixed feelings to change    

These behavioral treatment approaches have proven effective, especially when used along with medicines. Read more about drug addiction treatment in our Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction DrugFacts.

Points to Remember    

• Fentanyl     is a powerful synthetic opioid analgesic that is similar to morphine     but is 50 to 100 times more potent. In its prescription form it is     prescribed for pain, but fentanyl is also made illegally and     distributed as a street drug.        

• Fentanyl     and other synthetic opioids are the most common drugs involved in     overdose deaths.       

• Illegal     fentanyl is sold in the following forms: as a powder, dropped on     blotter paper like small candies, in eye droppers or nasal sprays,     or made into pills that look like real prescription opioids.     

• Illegal     fentanyl is being mixed with other drugs, such as cocaine, heroin,     methamphetamine, and MDMA. This is especially dangerous because     people are often unaware that fentanyl has been added.        

• Fentanyl     works by binding to the body's opioid receptors, which are found in     areas of the brain that control pain and emotions. Its effects     include extreme happiness, drowsiness, nausea, confusion,     constipation, sedation, tolerance, addiction, respiratory depression     and arrest, unconsciousness, coma, and death.        

• The     high potency of fentanyl greatly increases risk of overdose,     especially if a person who uses drugs is unaware that a powder or     pill contains it. They can underestimate the dose of opioids they     are taking, resulting in overdose.    

• Naloxone     is a medicine that can be given to a person to reverse a fentanyl     overdose. Multiple naloxone doses might be necessary because of     fentanyl’s potency.        

• Medication with behavioral     therapies has been shown to be effective in treating people with an     addiction to fentanyl and other opioids.    

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The Tyler Chronicle     Winter, 2022       Worldwide Edition

                                   

Chronicle Farm & Garden  

Bugs!

GARDEN BUGS;  FRIEND  AND  FOE

Article by Bugsy Balfore

Throughout the ages, insects have ruled the world. Sometimes we humans don't like to admit it, but it's a fact. They have us outnumbered! And while many of them are beneficial, some can be devastating to the plants we depend upon. Mankind's solution to this problem has been the indiscriminate overuse of chemical poisons. This practice has certainly killed and controlled lots of pesky bugs, but the corollary damage has been great. The time has come to utilize effective, yet less damaging methods.

Use the methods of control we describe here at your own risk. We make no guarantees as to their effectiveness or safety!

Chiggers: Also Known As "No See 'Ums"

You can't fight what you can't see!  And chiggers are very small; smaller than the  period at the end of this sentence. Chiggers are related to spiders and ticks and in their immature form they are bright red in color, thus the common name "redbug". They hatch in the spring and  are parasites to  both humans and the lower animals. They inhabit grassy, weedy areas and are transmitted to their victims by contact with the grass and weeds.  In the lower grasses, they will hitch a ride on your ankles (especially if you aren't wearing socks or high boots). They immediately begin to move upward until they find an area to "dig in". They prefer armpits, the groin area, and around the waist under the belt. If not stopped, they can travel all the way to the head.

They then inject a digestive enzyme which dissolves the skin tissue upon which they feed.  The result is reddening, swelling and intense itching.  But by the time you start itching,  the chigger nymph has probably already left the scene of the crime. These are bad little critters! The immature forms are parasitic as described and we are told  that in the adult stage, they feed on insects. We are not familiar with them as adults.

Here are some remedies for chigger bites and a few suggestions on how to prevent the bites and control the chiggers.

1. Stay out of chigger infested areas if possible.

2. Wear long, loose fitting trousers tucked in the socks.  Loose fitting, long sleeved shirts will help.  Avoid short pants.

3. Apply powdered sulfur or insect repellent to lower trouser legs and shoes . (We discourage the use of commercial insect repellents.)

4. Keep your lawn well watered. Chiggers prefer dry grasses and weeds.

5.  Itching can be controlled with ordinary baking soda as powder or as a solution in water.

6. An application of vinegar diluted with water helps to discourage chiggers and also to ease the itch of the bites.

7. Best preventive measure yet is ordinary baby oil. After bathing, coat yourself from stem to stern with baby oil. Towel dry.

8. If you have been exposed to chiggers, take a hot bath. Don't be in a hurry; soak a while. Warm soapy water will wash them away quickly. (It's a good  idea to wash your hair and clothing too.)

9. Chiggers can be controlled on your property by a broadcast application of powdered sulfur or diatomaceous earth.

10. Chiggers and fire ants cannot co-exist. A remedy for chigger infestation is fire ant infestation!

The following was discovered as we did research for this article at a Purdue University site.

"Finally, although the word chigger sounds funny and is easy to rhyme, Purdue's Tom Turpin, an entomologist and humorist who teaches a course on insects and literature, says to his knowledge, no one has yet penned a poem about the chigger. 

He says, however, there is one little limerick written years ago by entomologist H.B. Hungerford:"

"The thing called a chigger,
is really no bigger,
than the smaller end of a pin,
but the bump that it raises,
just itches like blazes,
 and that's where the rub sets in."

*Technically chiggers are not insects but are arachnids like spiders and  scorpions. They appear to be most active in mid-summer.

A Man Before His Time, George Washington Carver

 BULLETIN NO. 31 JUNE 1925 

How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption     

Seventh Edition, January 1940 By GEORGE CARVER, M. S. in Agr.,

Director EXPERIMENTAL STATION, TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE, Tuskegee Institute, Alabama 

Reprinted 1983 for Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site, George Washington Carver National Monument by Eastern National Park and Monument Association

Of all the money crops grown by Macon County farmers, perhaps there are none more promising than the peanut in its several varieties and their almost limitless possibilities.
Of the many good things in their favor, the following stand out as most prominent:
Like all other members of the pod-bearing family, they enrich the soil.

They are easily and cheaply grown. For man the nuts possess a wider range of food values than any other legume. The nutritive value of the hay as a stock food compares favorably with that of the cowpea. They are easy to plant, easy to grow, and easy to harvest.

The great food-and-forage value of the peanut will increase in proportion to the rapidity with which we make it a real study. This will increase consumption, and, therefore, must increase production. In Macon County, two crops per year of the Spanish variety can be raised.

The peanut exerts a dietetic or a medicinal effect upon the human system that is very desirable. I doubt if there is another foodstuff that can be so universally eaten, in some form, by every individual.
Pork fattened from peanuts and hardened off with a little corn just before killing, is almost if not quite equal to the famous red-gravy hams, or the world renowned Beechnut breakfast bacon.

The nuts yield a high percentage of oil of superior quality. The clean cake, after the oil has been removed, is very high in muscle-building properties (protein), and the ease with which the meal blends in with flour, meal, etc., makes it of especial value to bakers, confectioners, candy-makers, and ice cream factories. Peanut oil is one of the best known vegetable oils.

A pound of peanuts contains a little more of the body-building nutrients than a pound of sirloin steak, while of the heat and energy producing nutrients it has more than twice as much.

VARIETIES 

There are many varieties of the peanut, all possessing more or less merit. A number have been tested here on our Station grounds and we can heartily recommend the following varieties in the order named:

First, The Spanish---As compared with most other varieties, the vines are small, and upright in growth, with nearly all the pods clinging close to the tap-root; hence, they can be planted closer together and the yield will be larger. This variety produced 59 bushels per acre on very light, sandy soil.

Second, The Georgia and Tennessee Red---These are practically one and the same variety-habit of growth, and fruiting qualities are much the same as the Spanish-with us it made a slightly lower yield. This variety has from three to four kernels to the pod. The nuts are rich in flavor.

Third, The Virginia Running Variety---This variety is often referred to as the typical American peanut. It is decidedly the most popular with the trade. The pods are large and white, the vines spreading, and under favorable conditions it fruits nearly out to the ends of the branches.

SOIL 

With reference to soil, there are two things to bear in mind; viz., whether they are for market or home consumption. The trade demands a light-colored shell, which is only produced on light, sandy, porous soil.

More bushels per acre can be grown on stiff clayey soil than upon light soil, but the pods will be stained dark. In fact, any land that will produce good corn will produce good peanuts provided there is plenty of lime in it.

PREPARATION 
In the preparation of the soil, the chief essentials are:
Deep plowing, from 8 to 9 inches.
Thorough pulverization with a harrow, drag, smoothing board, etc.
Remove all stones, roots, stumps, clods, and obstructions of all kinds

     

 Growing Peanuts in the Home Garden                   

by Richard Jauron, Iowa Department of Horticulture

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) are an important field crop in the southeastern United States. In 1995, peanuts were grown on 1.5 million acres in the United States. and produced a crop of 3.5 billion pounds. Peanut seeds (kernels) are used for peanut butter, oil, flour, roasted peanuts, and other food products. While they are not widely grown in Iowa, their unique growth habit makes them a fun addition to the home garden.

Peanuts are also known as goobers, goober peas, groundpeas, ground nuts, and earth nuts. The peanut is a legume with compound leaves

similar to clover and yellow, pea-like flowers. Peanut varieties can be classified by growth habit (bunch or runner) and nut type (Virginia or Spanish). Virginia types are large podded and usually contain 1 or 2 large kernels per pod. Spanish types are smaller podded and contain 2 or 3 small kernels per pod.

Peanuts grow best in loose, well-drained soils. Avoid poorly drained, clay type soils. Plant peanuts after the danger of frost is past. Peanuts require a soil temperature of 65 F for germination. Sow peanut seeds 1 to 1 1/2 inches deep and 6 to 8 inches apart. Row spacing for bunch types should be 24 inches and 36 inches for runner types. Suggested varieties for home gardens include 'Spanish,' 'Early Spanish,' 'Virginia Improved,' and 'Jumbo Virginia.' Peanuts are warm-season annuals that require a minimum of 120 frost free days to reach maturity.

The flowering and fruiting of peanuts are unique. Plants flower above ground, but the pods develop below ground. Peanut plants begin to bloom about 30 to 40 days after emergence. The flowers are small, bright yellow, and pea-like in appearance. After pollination and fertilization occurs, the stalk (peg) below the fertilized ovary elongates and curves downward. It takes about 10 days for the peg to penetrate into the soil. A week after soil penetration, the peg tip enlarges and pod and seed development begin. The fruit mature in 9 to 10 weeks with favorable temperatures and moisture conditions. Since the peanut plant flowers over several weeks, all the pods do not mature at the same time.

Cultivate the soil around peanut plants to control weeds and to keep the soil loose so the pegs can easily penetrate the soil surface. Cultivate shallowly to prevent damage to the peanut roots. Stop cultivation in the immediate vicinity of the plants when the pegs begin to penetrate into the soil. A 1 or 2 inch layer of mulch can be placed around plants in early June to control weeds. Any weeds that do appear can be hand pulled.

Harvest the peanuts when the foliage begins to yellow in late summer or early fall. Dig up the plants with a spading fork and carefully shake off the loose soil. Cure the peanuts by hanging the plants in a warm, dry shed or garage. Beware of mice. After the plants have dried for 1 or 2 weeks, shake off any remaining soil and pull the peanut pods from the plants. Continue to air dry the peanuts for an additional 1 or 2 weeks. Once dried, place the peanuts in mesh bags and store them in cool, well-ventilated place until roasted.

This article originally appeared in the May 2, 1997 issue, p. 56.



 

Judy Boyd, who lives in Houston, Texas and has a "postage stamp" sized back yard enjoys this varid collection of useful and fragrant herbs.
Far left on the stool: Italian Parsley, Top shelf: Greek Oregano, 2nd shelf: Lavender, and Rosemary (which is very tricky to keep alive in a pot.) Bottom row: Aloe Vera, Spearmint, Curly Parsley, Thyme, and in the back is a Jade plant. 

Order hand decorated all natural gourd birdhouses from Chronicle want ads on page 27 or phone 903-707-6258.

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The Tyler Chronicle     Winter, 2022   Worldwide Edition                                      The Environment and You ___________________________________ Global Warming?      The environmentalist movement is going under and Al Gore is getting pissed. Speaking at the Aspen Institute, the former Vice President "lost his cool" and repeatedly shouted “bullsh*t.” “This climate thing, it’s nonsense. Man-made CO2 doesn’t trap heat. It may be volcanoes.’ Bullshit! ‘It may be sun spots.’ Bullshit! ‘It’s not getting warmer.’ Bullshit!” Gore said, without knowing that his comments were being streamed online. “There is no longer a shared reality on an issue like climate even though our very existence of our civilization is at threat. People have no idea,” Gore said. “It’s no longer acceptable in mixed company, meaning bipartisan company, to use the godd*mn word climate. They have polluted this to the point where we cannot possibly come to an agreement on it.”         Review;  Environmentalism Gone Mad   by Alan Carlin        As described at some length in my book, Environmentalism Gone Mad, I am one of the few people with no self-interest in the climate issue and an extensive background in both the physical sciences and environmental economics who also has a lifetime of experience in environmental issues both from the viewpoint of an environmental activist in the Sierra Club and of an environmental regulator at USEPA. This turns out to be a very useful combination to understand the climate issue, which I have been studying for about a decade both while working at EPA and subsequently as a retiree.  I have authored or co-authored about 40 publications in both economics and energy/climate areas, including many that have been published in academic journals. Two of these publications are currently offered on Amazon in addition to the new book. Some others can be found by using the Amazon search results link for "Alan Carlin," and all by consulting my website at carlineconomics.com. It is very important to understand that the climate issue is ultra-controversial and highly politicized, and that the climate alarmists are exceedingly well funded and quite unscrupulous about what they are willing to say to attempt to divert people from the fact that there is no scientific basis for their ideology.  As explained in the book, these differences are widely found on the internet as well as everywhere else where the issue is discussed.  Those who are new to the issue therefore need to examine each statement to determine which side the author is on, whether he/she has actually read my book, and has any scientific basis for what they are saying.  In the case of my new book this means that reviews are likely to be black or white, just like the current public discourse, but the differences are really over the issue of whether climate is primarily influenced by natural or man-made sources and whether US reductions in CO2 emissions will make any measurable difference in climate. Reviews are accordingly likely to be based on these issues, not the quality of the presentation or reasoning or the sources referenced. This is unfortunate but reality NOTE: If you have a story, comments, or snapshots concerning the environment, email them to:   editor@thetylerchronicle.com

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